By Evarist Baimu Nyaga Mawalla - Home

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from Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is under thesame responsibility for every act done without legal justification as any othercitizen. The reports abound with cases in which official have been brought beforethe courts, and made, in their personal capacity, liable to punishment, or to thepayment of damages, for acts done in their official character but in excess of theirlawful authority. A colonial governor, a secretary of state, a military officer, and allsubordinates, though carrying out the commondas of their official superior, are asresponsible for any act which the law does not authorize as is any private andunofficial person. (See introduction to the sound of the law of the Constitution(10 th edn. 1965) pp 193 – 194).In the course of argument we were referred to numerous authorities whichsupported these principles. Howver, in the present proceedings what is in disputeis not the validity of the principles but the manner in which in practice they wererecondled by the courts,. The fact that the Sovereign could do no wrong did notmean that a servant of the Crown could do no wrong. Prior to the CrownProceedings Act 1947 it was long established that what would now be describedas private law rights could be established against the Crown either by brining apetition of right or in the case of on activion in tort, when a petition of right wasnot available (tobin R (1864) 16 CBNS 310, 143 ER 1148). <strong>By</strong> brining an actionfor damages against the servant of the Crown responsible for the rtion his ownname. Such an action was possible since. As was pointed out by Cockhun c inFeather v R *1865) 6 B & S 257 at 296, 122 ER 1191 at 1205:564
As the Sovereign cannot authorize wrong to be done, the authority of the Crownwould afford no defense to an action brought for an illegal act committed by anofficer of the Crown.However, difficulties did exist in relation to an action against an officer or servantof the Crown in an action for a tort. The officer or servant had to be identified.There could be no vicarious liability placed personally on an officer for the acts ofother officers or servants of the Crown since the employer’ was the Crown. Onlya servant who committed or authorized the commission of the wrong could beresponsible.The position was accurately described by Rome I in raligh v Gaschen (1898) I Ch73 at 79. In that case the plaintiffs commenced an action against the LordsCommissioners of the Atmiralty with the object of establishing that they were notentitled to eater or acquire by way of compulsory purchase land belonging to theplaintiffs and in order obtain damages for trespass and an injunction to restrainany further trespass. It was held that while the plaintifss could not sue any of thedefendants as an official body they cold sue the defendants in their officialcapacity romer I decided that it was misconceived and that the action did not lie.In the cause of his judgment he said (at 79 – 80):. So, if any of the defendants ha themselves ordered or directed the allegedtrespass now complained of by the plaintiffs, and it was in consequence of such565
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A COMPILATION OF CASES OF JUDICIAL
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4.3 Assistant Imports controller v
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appropriate respondent, i.e, if in
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the individual complaining of breac
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of the Constitution that there shou
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y one judge of the High Court. Desp
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Question(1) Their Lordship can deal
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ights and freedoms to satisfy the r
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The contravention was in the past;
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is entitled. The respondent must pa
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independence, as the result of nego
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emedy, but only by consent of the C
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policy justifies these distinctions
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compulsorily on payment of .compens
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have already touched on this. I do
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‘s favour would have been a right
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in cases of judicial misbehavior, a
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of course, is not in the ordinary s
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of these provisions is to ensure th
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which he appealed by special leave.
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does not exclude the application of
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“………no person should be pun
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state. By section 19 (2) of the Cro
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tot for anything done by Maharaj J.
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of this section ;and (b)to determin
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this was a finding that the judge,
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February 27. The judgment of the ma
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It was a state act performed by the
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A defendant is always entitled to k
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to come before the House of Lord’
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The key word here is “inseparable
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Assuming that “commonwealth” wa
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the High Court within a limited tim
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Ouster clauses which take effect on
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jurisdiction if they are disputed b
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eviction by NAFCO. The special and
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separation of powers enshrined in t
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2. that the Honorable trial judge e
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section 2 of land ordinance, 1922 i
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statutorily on trust for the benefi
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such consent is required only in ca
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language of that section precludes
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There is merit in this ground of ap
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section 4 and would undoubtedly hav
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Clearly this section in unconstitut
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ional crystallization, of the idea
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That, the exparte application for t
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espect, after all is said, and writ
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to BAWATA’s Secretary General who
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From the above persuasive cases, I
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opinion, that where the Court used
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JudgeCourt: Now case to be referred
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the charge had already been entered
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was violative of her basic right as
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in that court, and in the course of
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In the result the appeal by the Dir
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that the proceedings before the Tri
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Prof. Shivji urged that when the ma
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Administered by inferior tribunals
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was found to be a nullity for irrat
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Those who espouse the narrow approa
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31. (1985) At p. 3532. One of the p
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Application on merits. Mandamus iss
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Those who exist above the people mu
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November 1986 they made a market su
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In the case at hand of course the a
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of each case, but it a fundamental
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I note that in the Advisory Committ
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The complaint is not that a person
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The applicants. Who were bidding in
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A paradigm,but not the only case of
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claims not to contain legal rules,
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743. All these cases show that it i
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as conclusive of the absence of a c
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The code is therefore framed in non
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“In my view to allow English citi
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eceive a further ⅔ per cent based
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alternative and that, reading the u
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On the morning of 25 November 1986
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The issue is thus whether the histo
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The Criminal Injuries Compensation
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part of decision - makers and for b
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Nothing that I have said can fetter
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underestimating the extent tot whic
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egulation” may be misleading. The
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More recently, in Reg. v. British B
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NICHOLLS L.J. I entirely agree with
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The code also contains some detaile
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appellant was tried on a count char
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founder parties should have used th
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(4) Since the case is based on aver
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Thus we held that any member of the
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procedure prescribed by Order 1, ru
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It is settled in our constitutional
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of judicial innovation to say that
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It follows from the foregoing that
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will not succeed. The court cannot
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The petition originally raised very
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disclosed in that context. He maint
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of the legislation and that there i
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…the restriction imposed at commo
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This provision, in my view, caters
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I agree and can not wish to add any
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It is contended by the petitioner t
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It extends to modification of those
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These amendments were, therefore, v
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courts in respect of the stay of su
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namely, an assembly or procession n
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of law and order. I provision like
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Until the Legislature makes appropr
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his representatives; the right to r
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in the Constitution? In that case t
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to appoint persons to offices in th
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I hereby certify that this is a tru
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It is sworn further that in the cou
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applicants. And if I may say now, a
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A part from the applicants obligati
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It seems that this issue once decid
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Finally, Mr. Werema made an alterna
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to find a case which shows there is
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Delivered.Dr. Lamwai for the Applic
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However, he pointed out that it is
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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIAA
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anything, he was simply answering w
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appellants the opportunities of bei
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For these reasons we are satisfied
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jurisdiction to go wrong. Neither a
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Essentially these grounds are alleg
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in agreement. However, the advocate
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Attorney General was duly summoned,
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Once we hold as indeed we do, that
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surfaced from the very beginning. I
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of Dodoma Zone Mr. Mwambe duly inst
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26 Act No. 16 of 198427 Chapter 360
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the case of Attorney-General v. Les
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1991on the Democratic system in Tan
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efusal in short the decisions were
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public interest should not be too b
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operation was “thoroughly outdate
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In the final analysis, I find that
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J. dated the 24 th day of October,
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though we felt that the learned Sta
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(a). that every persons shall, when
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The more difficult question is whet
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Turning now to the requirement that
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The appeal is allowed with cast, an
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6. Tanzania Air service ltd v minis
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A company (Cyanamid) register a pat
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506 All England Law Reports (1975)
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a. patents in 1953 (Lowe) and 1954
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efore any question of balance of co
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object that I have indicated above
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this. Returning therefore to the in
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MAGNUM AGENCLES COMPANY LIMITED RES
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Without going into his locals stand
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BANK OF TANZANIA MWANZABut the prop
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Similarly the present record does n
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78 TANZANIA LAW REPORTS (1987) T.L.
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Maina ,J This is an application to
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e made informally. But with respect
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82 TANZANIA LAW REPORTS (1987)T.L.R
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Temeke, Dar es salaam, delivered in
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3. that the reference was in any ev
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2. that the application has no righ
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c.c.s.u v, minste for civil service
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communications headquarters (GCHQ)
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)2) of the European Convention on H
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dismiss persons refusing to accept
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matters relating to the dispassion
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extending he requirement of natural
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continue to be enjoyed although mig
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the grounds upon which administrati
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alter right or obligations enforcea
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I agree with your Lordships tat thi
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the appellants employment be termin
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The trial judge dismissed appellant
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the view that the appellant’s ter
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Court did not stop there. It consid
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In English I have been instructed t
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the respondents such order was gran
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to response to the .. of an appell
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Was Annex D.1 made in bad faith? Th
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when questioning the constitutional
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24 th May 1991 informing the appell
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We are therefore of the opinion tha
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him of that decision is in our view
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usurp the function of the High Cour
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MAUGHAM in maritime Elective C. Ltd
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We again agree with the learned jud
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However, the learned judge skipped
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filing of statements could not be s
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even to seem to express an opinion
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As we have already intimated the te
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the removal. But we reject the earl
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the Daily News and Uhuru newspapers
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M.D. BOMANIAg. JUSTICE OF APPEALJ.L
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Both parties are represented by cou
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THE SECUTITY FO EMPLOYMENT ACT 1964
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administrative law as seriously as
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interest are at stake. In any other
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the fundamentals of good administra
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mandamus should be made but it must
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6. EXERCISE OF DISCRETIONARY POWERS
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Mr. Mselem was at a loss to know un
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under s. 3 (3) of Cap. 104 and none
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affidavit and the representations o
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17 th June 1987 requiring him to le
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SongeaMohamed Ally Athumani now 54
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Ally Athumani PW1 had received. He
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Home is cases of ones in search of
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nothing about the subject matter as
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commissioner of Songea District was
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in all details to the one issued to
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approved by village Governments. DW
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forces that are always inconsistent
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under the Business licincing Act No
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applicants these could definitely n
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person against who he intends issue
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dealings. Expedient is not this Rep
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espondent to discharge its function
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(i) an order of certiorari 8 and se
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Mr. Mwaikusa argued that the releva
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that the Government has set on itse
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AT DODOMACIVIL CASE NO. 23 OF 1993J
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for Tabora Region . By a letter dat
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of the Constitution or the law of t
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Another important consideration und
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have been taken into account, wheth
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withstanding the existence of an ou
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arbitrary decision. And it offends
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to the Principal Secretary to the P
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I heard long and interesting arqume
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public interest; second, it is the
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the former the Principal Secretary
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I think I can dispose of this matte
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the whole field of the law relating
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declaration except in a negative so
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itom 108(1) of the First schedule t
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egards the commission’s report, t
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RULLINGSAMATTA, JK:This is an appli
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impugned decision. As expected, I w
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(g) on retirement in circumstances,
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etire otherwise than on disciplinar
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(c) for pupose of facilitating impr
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“Whatever pleases the emperor has
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decision has, I agree with Mr Nasso
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Before I part with this application
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7. REMEDIES1. Ajit Gordhan v Direct
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21. Simeon Manyaki v Executive Comm
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of which was annexed to the affidav
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The above position was enshrined in
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such as damages or on injunction. T
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Should the prayer then be granted i
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No cases referred to.Omar and Musta
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF TANZANIAAT DAR
Page 513 and 514: alleged circumstance, it is further
Page 515 and 516: Mr Mallaba has traced the history o
Page 517 and 518: Mr. Kisusi submits further that sin
Page 519 and 520: ANDESSO STANDARD TANZANIA LIMITED .
Page 521 and 522: proceed by way certiorari. He can f
Page 523 and 524: AT MWANZACORAM: OMAR, J.A. HNZAVAS,
Page 525 and 526: G.N. 41/92, the second respondent i
Page 527 and 528: ecause it violates Article 13 of th
Page 529 and 530: tenants, one enjoying legal protect
Page 531 and 532: the provisions of the Rent Restrict
Page 533 and 534: Lastly, in ground 5 the appellants
Page 535 and 536: R V Income Tax Special Purposes Cou
Page 537 and 538: had interfered with the administrat
Page 539 and 540: LORD TEMPLEMAN. Parliament makes th
Page 541 and 542: LORD GRIFEITHS. My Lords, I have ha
Page 543 and 544: Because of this, it is normally unn
Page 545 and 546: students at his school; that he was
Page 547 and 548: unnaturally took the view that the
Page 549 and 550: solicitor later at about 12.30 am v
Page 551 and 552: Mr Baker was arranged for 4 pm that
Page 553 and 554: counsel with whem a conference took
Page 555 and 556: easonably benevolent construction o
Page 557 and 558: Lord Donalsdson MR described Mr Bak
Page 559 and 560: was made without jurisdiction, then
Page 561 and 562: Court has been given . If the appli
Page 563: in the earlier case may have coused
Page 567 and 568: When dismissiong the action Romer I
Page 569 and 570: the Crown. (In this summary 1 put o
Page 571 and 572: emedy against theCrown was not conf
Page 573 and 574: easonable doubt as to the identity
Page 575 and 576: Section 23 (2) (2) refers to petiti
Page 577 and 578: Corwn in general, then s 21 (2) wou
Page 579 and 580: epresenting the Crown, the third th
Page 581 and 582: obtain an injunction (see also Merr
Page 583 and 584: A both because there would be an in
Page 585 and 586: It is interesting to note the comme
Page 587 and 588: prohivition or certiorari (b) the n
Page 589 and 590: proceedings as was available to you
Page 591 and 592: lack of jurisdiction to grant inter
Page 593 and 594: egarded as being open to challenge
Page 595 and 596: quite out of accord with practice,
Page 597 and 598: The validity of the injunction gran
Page 599 and 600: IN THE HIGH COURT OF TANZANIAAT SON
Page 601 and 602: October; 1993, the Regional Commiss
Page 603 and 604: statutory authority for doing so, t
Page 605 and 606: egulation 10 as read with S. 55 (1)
Page 607 and 608: (4) In such a case the tribunal, wh
Page 609 and 610: the penalty demands notwithstanding
Page 611 and 612: question I have posed and speaking
Page 613 and 614: first two prayers, to wit, orders o
Page 615 and 616:
and illegally taking then away from
Page 617 and 618:
I conceded that as wrong in view of
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unquestionability upon its decision
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deciding what the decision-maker sh
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ut the judges must observe the cons
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intended to furtmore national polic
Page 627 and 628:
society. That observation applies t
Page 629 and 630:
In the event, the prayer for a decl
Page 631 and 632:
25 th January 1978. However on 5 th
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missing from the trial court record
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One of the conditions set out in th
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(a) that up to the 5 th February, 1
Page 639 and 640:
With regard to this passage of the
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Patman Garments Industries Limited
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dishonoured, or if he had broken th
Page 645 and 646:
Decree of the High Court and declar
Page 647 and 648:
y the Institute during the 1983/84
Page 649 and 650:
obdurate if not- thoroughly uncoope
Page 651 and 652:
examination papers to NBAA for mode
Page 653 and 654:
against him, so that he could effec
Page 655 and 656:
maters as the leakage of examinatio
Page 657 and 658:
Q. Can you tell us anything strange
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IN THE HIGH COURT OF TANZANIA\MAIN
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against a government minister or de
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injunctive relief is sought? Althou
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appears to have done, to hold that
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the applicant leave to apply review
Page 669:
669
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