in the history <strong>of</strong> almost all nations, in this particular. But Captain Cook had already, in his formervoyage, received strong pro<strong>of</strong> that the practice <strong>of</strong> eating human flesh existed in New Zeal<strong>and</strong>; <strong>and</strong> asnow we have with our own eyes seen the inhabitants devouring human flesh, all controversy on thatpoint must be at an end. The opinions <strong>of</strong> authors on the origin <strong>of</strong> this custom, are infinitely various,<strong>and</strong> have lately been collected by the very learned canon, Pauw, at Xanten, in his RecherchesPhilosophiques sur les Americains, vol. i, p. 207. He seems to think that men were first tempted todevour each other from real want <strong>of</strong> food, <strong>and</strong> cruel necessity. His sentiments are copied by DrHawkesworth, who has disingenuously concealed their author. Many weighty objections, however,may be made against this hypothesis; amongst which the following is one <strong>of</strong> the greatest. There arevery few countries in the world so miserably barren as not to afford their inhabitants sufficientnourishment, <strong>and</strong> those, in particular, where anthropophagi still exist, do not come under thatdescription. The northern isle <strong>of</strong> New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, on a coast <strong>of</strong> near four hundred leagues, containsscarcely one hundred thous<strong>and</strong> inhabitants, according to the most probable guess which can bemade; a number inconsiderable for that vast space <strong>of</strong> country, even allowing the settlements to beconfined only to the sea-shore. The great abundance <strong>of</strong> fish, <strong>and</strong> the beginnings <strong>of</strong> agriculture in theBay <strong>of</strong> Plenty, <strong>and</strong> other parts <strong>of</strong> the Northern Isle, are more than sufficient to maintain this number,because they have always had enough to supply strangers with what was deemed superfluous. It istrue, before the dawn <strong>of</strong> the arts among them, before the invention <strong>of</strong> nets, <strong>and</strong> before the cultivation<strong>of</strong> potatoes, the means <strong>of</strong> subsistence may have been more difficult, but then the number <strong>of</strong>inhabitants must likewise have been infinitely smaller. Single instances are not conclusive in thiscase, though they prove how far the wants cf the body may stimulate mankind to extraordinaryactions. In 1772, during a famine which happened throughout all Germany, a herdsman was taken onthe manor <strong>of</strong> Baron Boineburg, in Hessia, who had been urged by hunger to kill <strong>and</strong> devour a boy,<strong>and</strong> afterwards to make a practice <strong>of</strong> it for several months. From his confession, it appeared, that helooked upon the flesh <strong>of</strong> young children as a very delicious food; <strong>and</strong> the gestures <strong>of</strong> the NewZeal<strong>and</strong>ers indicated exactly the same thing. An old woman, in the province <strong>of</strong> Matogrosso, inBrazil, declared to the Portuguese governor, M. de Pinto, afterwards ambassador at the British court,that she had eaten human flesh several times, liked it very much, <strong>and</strong> should be very glad to feastupon it again, especially if it was part <strong>of</strong> a little boy. But it would be absurd to suppose from suchcircumstances, that killing men for the sake <strong>of</strong> feasting upon them, has ever been the spirit <strong>of</strong> awhole nation; because it is utterly incompatible with the existence <strong>of</strong> society. Slight causes have everproduced the most remarkable events among mankind, <strong>and</strong> the most trifling quarrels have fired theirminds with incredible inveteracy against each other. Revenge has always been a strong passionamong barbarians, who are less subject to the sway <strong>of</strong> reason, than civilized people, <strong>and</strong> hasstimulated them to a degree <strong>of</strong> madness, which is capable <strong>of</strong> all kinds <strong>of</strong> excesses. The people wh<strong>of</strong>irst consumed the body <strong>of</strong> their enemies, seem to have been bent upon exterminating their veryinanimate remains, from an excess <strong>of</strong> passion; but, by degrees, finding the meat wholesome <strong>and</strong>palatable, it is not to be wondered at that they should make a practice <strong>of</strong> eating their enemies as <strong>of</strong>tenas they killed any, since the action <strong>of</strong> eating human flesh, whatever our education may teach us tothe contrary, is certainly neither unnatural nor criminal in itself. It can only become dangerous as faras it steels the mind against that compassionate fellow-feeling, which is the great basis <strong>of</strong> society;<strong>and</strong> for this reason, we find it naturally banished from every people as soon as civilization has madeany progress among them. But though we are too much polished to be cannibals, we do not find itunnaturally <strong>and</strong> savagely cruel to take the field, <strong>and</strong> to cut one another's throats by thous<strong>and</strong>s,without a single motive, besides the ambition <strong>of</strong> a prince, or the caprice <strong>of</strong> his mistress! Is it notfrom prejudice that we are disgusted with the idea <strong>of</strong> eating a dead man, when we feel no remorse indepriving him <strong>of</strong> life? If the practice <strong>of</strong> eating human flesh makes men unfeeling <strong>and</strong> brutal, we haveinstances that civilized people, who would, perhaps, like some <strong>of</strong> our sailors, have turned sick at thethought <strong>of</strong> eating human flesh, have committed barbarities, without example, amongst cannibals. ANew Zeal<strong>and</strong>er, who kills <strong>and</strong> eats his enemy, is a very different being from an European, who, forhis amusement, tears an infant from the mother's breast, in cool blood, <strong>and</strong> throws it on the earth, t<strong>of</strong>eed his hounds,--an atrocious crime, which Bishop Las Casas says, he saw committed in Americaby Spanish soldiers. The New Zeal<strong>and</strong>ers never eat their adversaries unless they are killed in battle;they never kill their relations for the purpose <strong>of</strong> eating them; they do not even eat them if they die <strong>of</strong>
a natural death, <strong>and</strong> they take no prisoners with a view to fatten them for their repast; though thesecircumstances have been related, with more or less truth, <strong>of</strong> the American Indians. It is therefore notimprobable, that in process <strong>of</strong> time, they will entirely lay aside this custom; <strong>and</strong> the introduction <strong>of</strong>new domestic animals into their country might hasten that period, since greater affluence would tendto make them more sociable. Their religion does not seem likely to be an obstacle, because fromwhat we could judge, they are not remarkably superstitious, <strong>and</strong> it is only among very bigottednations that the custom <strong>of</strong> <strong>of</strong>fering human flesh to the gods, has prevailed after civilization."--Theseare evidently hasty speculations, <strong>and</strong> by no means conclusive, but they point with tolerable clearnessto some principle <strong>of</strong> human nature adequate, independent <strong>of</strong> necessity, to account for the practice,<strong>and</strong> shew in what manner the investigation into its nature, causes, <strong>and</strong> remedy, ought to be carriedon.--E.I must here observe, that Oedidee soon learnt to converse with these people, as I am persuaded, he wouldhave done with the people <strong>of</strong> Amsterdam, had he been a little longer with them; for he did not underst<strong>and</strong>the New Zeal<strong>and</strong>ers, at first, any more, or not so much, as he understood the people <strong>of</strong> Amsterdam.At four o'clock in the morning, on the 24th, we unmoored with an intent to put to sea; but the wind being atN. <strong>and</strong> N.E. without, <strong>and</strong> blowing strong puffs into the cove, made it necessary for us to lie fast. While wewere unmooring, some <strong>of</strong> our old friends came on board to take their leave <strong>of</strong> us, <strong>and</strong> afterwards left thecove with all their effects; but those who had been out on the late expedition remained; <strong>and</strong> some <strong>of</strong> thegentlemen having visited them, found the heart still sticking on the canoe, <strong>and</strong> the intestines lying on thebeach; but the liver <strong>and</strong> lungs were now wanting. Probably they had eaten them, after the carcase was allgone.On the 25th, early in the morning, we weighed, with a small, breeze out <strong>of</strong> the cove, which carried us n<strong>of</strong>arther than between Motuara <strong>and</strong> Long Isl<strong>and</strong>, where we were obliged to anchor; but presently after abreeze springing up at north, we weighed again, turned out <strong>of</strong> the Sound, <strong>and</strong> stood over for CapeTeerawhitte.During our stay in the Sound, we were plentifully supplied with fish, procured from the natives at a veryeasy rate; <strong>and</strong>, besides the vegetables our own gardens afforded, we found every where plenty <strong>of</strong> scurvygrass <strong>and</strong> cellery, which I caused to be dressed every day for all h<strong>and</strong>s. By this means, they had beenmostly on a fresh diet for the three preceding months; <strong>and</strong> at this time, we had neither a sick nor scorbuticman on board. It is necessary to mention, for the information <strong>of</strong> others, that we had now some pork onboard, salted at Ulietea, <strong>and</strong> as good as any I ever eat. The manner in which we cured it, was this: In thecool <strong>of</strong> the evening the hogs were killed, dressed, cut up, the bones cut out, <strong>and</strong> the flesh salted while itwas yet hot. The next morning we gave it a second salting, packed it into a cask, <strong>and</strong> put to it a sufficientquantity <strong>of</strong> strong pickle. Great care is to be taken that the meat be well covered with pickle, otherwise itwill soon spoil.The morning before we sailed, I wrote a memor<strong>and</strong>um, setting forth the time we last arrived, the day wesailed, the route I intended to take, <strong>and</strong> such other information as I thought necessary for CaptainFurneaux, in case he should put into the Sound; <strong>and</strong> buried it in a bottle under the root <strong>of</strong> a tree in thegarden, which is in the bottom <strong>of</strong> the cove, in such a manner as must be found by him or any otherEuropean who might put into the cove. I, however, had little reason to hope it would fall into the h<strong>and</strong>s <strong>of</strong>the person for whom it was intended, thinking it hardly possible that the Adventure could be in any port inNew Zeal<strong>and</strong>, as we had not heard <strong>of</strong> her all this time. Nevertheless I was resolved not to leave the coastwithout looking for her, where I thought it most likely for her to be. It was with this view that I stood over
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AGENERALHISTORY AND COLLECTIONOFVOY
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Produce, and Inhabitants: Astronomi
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SECTION I. Passage from Ulietea to
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First Voyage, &c., second edition.
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After leaving these islands, Quiros
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of his instructions, he did not fin
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had been well ascertained, and foun
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[14] Till the discovery of what has
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third lieutenants, the lieutenant o
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have made, would have done honour t
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learning from his voyage; that he w
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long as the condition of the ships,
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occasional use of fires to destroy
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To record incidents such as these,
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on this occasion, was not omitted.T
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At two in the afternoon on the 29th
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[10] Mr G.F. speaks with much more
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steering directly for, till we were
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ears; they immediately rowed toward
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On the 24th, the wind blew from N.W
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This longitude is nearly the same t
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Myself, being the mean of six dista
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land.At nine o'clock, the wind veer
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elieve that land of any extent lay
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seen in the heavens, similar to tho
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and dashing of the waves into the c
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longitude was 121° 9'. At three o'
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We continued to advance to the N.E.
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come nearer. After dinner I took tw
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discover himself, had taken some li
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These he never would suffer to go o
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continued without intermission till
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emote from the present trading part
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which is not more remarkable for th
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clouds, and seemed to forebode much
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which appears supernatural, and wil
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hills; plenty of water which falls
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and with much difficulty we saved h
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myself the morning after my arrival
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lioness. It certainly bore much res
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me before that time, he was then to
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their existence. But nature, we may
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subject, this disease was indigenou
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and seldom higher than 54, at the s
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the time, blew from different direc
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inhabiting the lithophytes. They ra
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were striking, and left us a little
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After the first salutation was over
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- Page 108 and 109: On the 11th, early in the morning,
- Page 110 and 111: one; at last, all my enquiries gave
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- Page 122 and 123: After we had done examining this pl
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- Page 132 and 133: Their ornaments are amulets, neckla
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- Page 140 and 141: six o'clock, being off Cloudy Bay,
- Page 142 and 143: eing persuaded they would take prop
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- Page 154 and 155: place where they are formed.[3][3]
- Page 156 and 157: manner, covered with ice; a hard ga
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- Page 172 and 173: passed along, they observed on a hi
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- Page 176 and 177: towards each end. To these are tied
- Page 178 and 179: perseverance of these islanders in
- Page 180 and 181: I continued to steer to the west ti
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- Page 184 and 185: are a mile from each other, in the
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more proper for me to go. All his a
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end; and all I could expect, after
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We had no sooner dispatched our fri
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send him red feathers in abundance.
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hundred and ten, besides smaller ca
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especially by the ladies; as many o
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went on shore with a boat's crew, a
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in the neighbourhood; but they were
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which, according to the simplicity
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their religion, customs, traditions
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Before I finish this account of the
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heights; and only myself, and four
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the same that Tasman watered at. In
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officer. One time, after he had bee
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uncultivated. There is, however, fa
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the 9th, when we had for a few hour
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small shot, I gave him the contents
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of a negroe. Their beards are very
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view of plying up to the eastward o
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acceptable entertainment, and were
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then, to pop out and throw a dart.
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SECTION V.An Intercourse establishe
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troublesome to the eyes.Early in th
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island. Hence, that gentleman infer
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expeditious as it can well be. They
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observed, were planted as thick as
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that were prevailed on to stay, ran
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We understood that the little isle
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weapons; almost every one of them c
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appeared over the west end of Tanna
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it. The wind being at south, we wer
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[6] "Quiros had great reason to ext
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went; and the middle of it is in la
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untoward circumstances of the world
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weather side of it, we stood in wit
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appearance of the country.--"We wal
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after my return on board.It was of
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Accordingly I ordered them to be ta
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of it. A nation of women, we may co
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I have before observed, that the co
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in their country, and the scanty su
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hoisted in the boats, and made sail
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leagues. In the afternoon, with a f
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e done. We had from the top-mast-he
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in a space of two hundred leagues;
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eighteen fathoms water close to the
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[3] "They continued from time to ti
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A little within the entrance on the
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then squatted herself down, on her
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longitude 166° 15' W.On the 20th,
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Two hours after, we made the land,
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inlet was another, with several isl
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harbour is not quite free from this
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enough to spoil the appetite of any
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which we called EMBOTHRIUM coccineu