Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps

Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Disease 2000-2020, Peter H. Gleickprovide comprehensive and complete water coverage for all. The most seriousconsequence of this failure is widespread water-related disease and death.Water-Related DiseasesAlthough water-related diseases have largely been eliminated in wealthier nations, theyremain a major concern in much of the developing world. While data are incomplete, theWorld Health Organization estimated in the 2000 assessment that there are four billioncases of diarrhea each year in addition to millions of other cases of illness associated withthe lack of access to clean water. Since many illnesses are undiagnosed and unreported,the true extent of these diseases is unknown.Water-related diseases are typically placed in four classes: waterborne, water-washed,water-based, and water-related insect vectors. The first three are most clearly associatedwith lack of improved domestic water supply. Table 1 lists the diseases associated witheach class.Table 1: Water-Related DiseasesWaterborne diseases: caused by the ingestion of water contaminated by human oranimal faeces or urine containing pathogenic bacteria or viruses; include cholera,typhoid, amoebic and bacillary dysentery and other diarrheal diseases.Water-washed diseases: caused by poor personal hygiene and skin or eye contact withcontaminated water; include scabies, trachoma and flea, lice and tick-borne diseases.Water-based diseases: caused by parasites found in intermediate organisms living incontaminated water; include dracunculiasis, schistosomiasis, and other helminths.Water-related diseases: caused by insect vectors, especially mosquitoes, that breed inwater; include dengue, filariasis, malaria, onchocerciasis, trypanosomiasis and yellowfever.Waterborne diseases include those where transmission occurs by drinking contaminatedwater, particularly contamination by pathogens transmitted from human excreta. Theseinclude most of the enteric and diarrheal diseases caused by bacteria and viruses.Waterborne diseases also include typhoid and over 30 species of parasites that infect thehuman intestines. Seven of these are distributed globally or cause serious illness:ameobiasis, giardiasis, Taenia solium taeniasis, ascariasis, hookworm, trichuriasis, andstrongyloidiasis. Table 2 lists the current estimates of the prevalence of these diseases.Evidence also suggests that waterborne disease contributes to background rates ofdiseases not detected or reported explicitly as outbreaks.Water-washed diseases occur when there is insufficient clean water for washing andpersonal hygiene, or when there is contact with contaminated water. These includetrachoma, typhus, and diarrheal diseases that can be passed from person to person.Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security • www.pacinst.org • page 2/12