Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps

and limited access configurations.Figure 1 illustrates a full streamcrossing that can be used by animalsas a water access point and alsoserves as an equipment crossingpoint. The crossing is underlain withsynthetic geotextile material andfinished with gravel to provide anall-weather stream access andcrossing area. Figure 2 illustrates acattle access area in a stream. Theelectrified chains prevent cattlefrom going up or down the streamfrom the access area provided. Seethe Agricultural and BiosystemsEngineering departmental publicationConstruction of Farm HeavyUse Areas Using Geotextiles (WQ-01-00), for information on usinggeotextiles to construct heavy-use orhigh-traffic areas such as improvedlivestock access areas to streams.Figure 1. Full Stream CrossingFigure 2. Cattle Access AreaGravity Systems4When a water source is higher thanthe deliver or usage point, gravity flowsystems may be a good choice. Likedirect access systems, gravity systemsare relatively simple and inexpensive,since no external power source isrequired to move the water. Every 2.31feet in elevation change is equal to 1psi (pounds per square inch) in pressure.So, if 5 psi of pressure is requiredto operate a livestock water-tank floatvalve,12 feet of fall from the water Figure 3. Equipment Tire Tankline to the usage point is required.Most gravity systems are simply tanks equipped with float valves located lowerthan the water source, which is usually a pond. The water delivery pipe should besized appropriately, so adequate flow into the tank is achieved. When building a pond,the outlet pipe should be installed during construction of the pond. It is difficult toinstall a pipe through a pond berm or levee after construction due to potential leakageproblems. Figure 3 shows a heavy equipment tire modified as a livestock water tank.Used pan and large rock quarry truck tires of this size can be converted into livestockwater tanks that hold approximately 300 gallons of water. These tires can usually be