Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps

Some key objectives for hygiene promotion programmes - IRC International Water and Sanitation CentreSome key objectives for hygiene promotionprogrammesSafe excreta disposalUsing only safe methods of human excreta disposal protects the qualityof surface water. It reduces water treatment costs. Most importantly, itprevents the spreading of various types of diarrhoeas and worms,typhoid and paratyphoid and schistosomiasis (also known as bilharzia)and Bancroftian filariasis. Impacts depend on degree of universality -to what extent are safe methods used:●●●By all people? Practised by the elderly, the adult men and women,adolescent girls and boys, and young children, and including safedisposal of babies' stools, in lower, middle and upper class householdsof any religion/caste/ethnic group?At all times? During all seasons and times of night and day?In all locations? At home, in the field, at school, when travelling?Practising safe excreta disposal is always important. The greatestbenefits are, however, for children under five (who run the greatestrisks) and people in areas that are densely settled, areas in whichchildren and grown-ups often use land and/or water sources forurination and defecation, and areas which have a wet and hot climate.Colwell (2001) showed, for example, that cholera epidemics in SouthAmerica occurred when El Niño brought higher temperatures. Toenhance safe excreta disposal practices, a range of facilities ( see: thesanitation ladder) can be promoted to suit different needs and demands(payment capacities).Safe handwashingSoiled hands are an important source of transmitting diarrhoeas. Thereis ample proof that handwashing before preparing and eating food andafter defecation and cleaning children's bottoms is an effectivepreventive habit (Boot & Cairncross, 1993). Benefits of safehandwashing habits are universal in all areas and with all groups, butchildren, and parents and siblings caring for young children arehttp://www.irc.nl/page/3395 (1 of 3) [1/13/2005 12:50:36 PM]