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F WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY: McCONNACHIE, WARHURST, POLLARD and CHIPOFYAFigure 2. Yield and comparative adsorption properties of activated carbons.(Note that the first group of four values are derived from 0.2g samples of carbon and the rest from 0.5g samples)teracted this problem and the results shown for the podsin Figure 2 are from carbons treated in this way.The BET surface areas derived from the nitrogen adsorptionisotherms for EH800/30 was 713m 2 /g and afterrinsing, 931m 2 /g (Warhurst, McConnachie et al., in press).Waste productThe composition of the derived gases and condensate hasnot been determined so far but other work on steampyrolysis volatiles from apricot stones and coconut husks(Razvigorova, Goranova et al., 1994) has identified thepresence of derivatives of phenol, guaicol, syringol,resorcinol, free fatty acids and the esters of fatty acids.Unless a use can be found for this material it will have tobe disposed of. Fortunately it is likely to be readilybiodegradable.ApplicationsThe potential applications for activated carbon includethe adsorption of excessive concentrations of iron andmanganese from groundwater, taste and odour compounds,bacterial and viral pathogens as well as thetertiary treatment of wastewaters.Seasonal problems of taste and odour in drinking waterfrom a number of lake sources in Malawi arise from algalblooms, mainly of the species Oscillatoria and Anabaena,which are difficult to remedy and it is planned to assessthe effectiveness of carbon treatment at the BlantyreWater Treatment Works. Current treatment there is asequence of microstraining, addition of potassium permanganateas an algicide and to remove iron and manganese,addition of chemical coagulant, flow through amixing channel then rapid gravity filters. Chlorination isapplied at various points along the pipe distributionnetwork. The filter medium is sand obtained locally.ConclusionsActivated carbons can be produced from Moringa husksand pods which compare favourably with commercialcarbons using a one stage steam pyrolysis process.For husks the most economical process is likely to beat 800 o C for 30 minutes and for the pods, 650 o C for 30minutes.For some applications a rinsing stage of treatment forthe carbon might be beneficial.Further workAspects of the carbon work still to be undertaken are,• power requirements for various combinations of processtemperature and soak time• adsorption capacity of granular carbons after use andregeneration• application of carbon in treating Malawi drinkingwater supplies for removal of taste and odour• maximisation of carbon production.AcknowledgementsThe financial support of the U.K. Overseas DevelopmentAdministration is acknowledged. The authors are alsograteful for assistance and technical support provided bypersonnel of the University of Malawi and the BlantyreWater Department and for the contribution to the work atEdinburgh and Malawi by Henrietta Ridgeon and EmmaPatey as part of B.Eng. project work.ReferencesGergova, K., N. Petrov, et al. (1993). “Evolution of theactive surface of carbons produced from various raw281
F WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY: McCONNACHIE, WARHURST, POLLARD and CHIPOFYAmaterials by steam pyrolysis/activation.” J. Chem. Tech.Biotechnol. 58: (321-330).Jahn, S. (1986). Proper use of African natural coagulants forrural water supplies. Eschborn, Germany, German Agencyfor Technical Cooperation (GTZ).McConnachie, G. L., A. Mtawali, et al. (1994). Designaspects of hydraulic flocculators. Affordable water supplyand sanitation, Proc. 20th WEDC Conf.,, Colombo, SriLanka, WEDC, Loughborough Univ. of Technology.Razvigorova, M., M. Goranova, et al. (1994). “On thecomposition of volatiles evolved during the productionof carbon adsorbents from vegetable wastes.” Fuel 73:1718-1722.Sutherland, J. P., G. K. Folkard, et al. (1994). Moringaoleifera as a natural coagulant. Affordable water supplyand sanitation, Proc. 20th WEDC Conf.,, Colombo, SriLanka, WEDC, Loughborough Univ. of Technology.Warhurst, A. M., G. L. McConnachie, et al. (in press).“Continuous volumetric isothermal analysis of activatedcarbon produced from the waste seed husks ofMoringa oleifera: Process optimisation and implicationsfor use.” Carbon.Warhurst, A. M., G. L. McConnachie, et al. (in press).“Characterisation and applications of activated carbonproduced from Moringa oleifera seed husks by singlestepsteam pyrolysis.” Water Research.282
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Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps
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Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps
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Use a hydraulic ram pump to continu
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Use a hydraulic ram pump to continu
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Designing a Hydraulic Ram PumpL = T
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Designing a Hydraulic Ram PumpTable
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CAT Publications at www.ecobooks.co
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Atlas Publications-inexpensive how-
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The Development Technology UnitAnim
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram PumpHome-ma
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumpturn it
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumpthe wat
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumphydraul
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Hydraulic Ram Pump6. The length of
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Hydraulic Ram PumpHydram Size 1 2 3
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Hydraulic Ram PumpTable 3 can now b
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Real Goods Catalog - Library & Offi
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92Prin
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92upon
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92Hydr
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-923. D
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Hydraulic Ram Pump System Design an
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Picture GallerySearch the web with
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Ram Pump (from Internet Glossary of
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Motorless Water Pump--Gravi-Chekhtt
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AEE Renewable Energy SupersourcePut
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Aquatic Eco-Systems - Aquaculture S
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Real Goods - Folk Ram Pumps
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Sling Pump (from Internet Glossary
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Sling Pump (from Internet Glossary
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Table of ContentsIntroduction _____
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and limited access configurations.F
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Ram PumpsRam pumps are very simpleh
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Nose Pumpsentire pump body.The pump
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Table 2 - Installation Consideratio
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Livestock WateringUSING STREAM-POWE
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Figure 5 Sling PumpInstallation Opt
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Real Goods - Pump water from stream
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SlingpumpsRife Hydraulic Engine Mfg
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Lifewater Canada: Sponsor a WellIf
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Lifewater Canada: Who We AreAccordi
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Handpump & Drilling Resources: Pitc
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Lifewater Canada: The SolutionLifew
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Lifewater Canada: The SolutionProje
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safe water - the gift of life - giv
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Liberia communities with safe drink
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Liberia water and sanitation (watsa
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Lifewater Canada: What Lifewater Ca
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Handpumps and water well drilling t
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Lifewater Canada: Who We AreAbout L
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Lifewater Canada: You Can Help!and
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Lifewater Canada: You Can Help!bein
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Lifewater Canada: Contact Informati
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Lifewater Canada: Contact Informati
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Lifewater Canada: Links to Other Si
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Lifewater Canada: What's New on Our
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Lifewater Canada: Site Map●●●
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Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from
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Global water supply and sanitation
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Global water supply and sanitation
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WaterAidWaterAid is an internationa
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Access to a regular supply of safe
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Regardless of their available resou
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MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTSTreaty:Inter
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WELL - Resource Centre Network for
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War and waterAbout the ICRC | ICRC
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WaterAidText only | font | Sitemap
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Lifewater Canada: Drinking water we
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Lifewater Canada: Overseas Travel P
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Lifewater Canada: Overseas Travel P
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Lifewater Drilling & Well Construct
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Appendix F: Lifewater Canada Well R
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Appendix F: Lifewater Canada Well R
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Appendix R: Community Water Supply
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Appendix T: Making safe drinking wa
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorQuan
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorR1 =
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorThe
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Well Water Level and TDS Sensor●
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorA vi
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Well Water Level and TDS Sensor"The
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Appendix H: Assessing natural clays
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Appendix I: Methods for Grouting Ca
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Section 13: Bush Handpump OverviewO
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Section 13: Bush Handpump OverviewD
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Water for the World IndexWater For
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Water for the World Index●●●
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Water for the World Index●●●O
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Water for the World Index●●●
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Afridev handpumps for safe drinking
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http://www.handpump.org/afri_pump/i
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Consallen Hand PumpsConsallenHandpu
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india mark II handpumpsE-mail: Erns
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india mark II handpumpsPatna 800001
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Kardia hand pumpKardia hand pumpMad
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Bombas de MecateHomeDevelopments In
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vergnet handpumps●use on borehole
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Rural Water Supply Network - The Ha
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Rural Water Supply Network - The Ha
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Rural Water Systems and handpumpsWa
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Hitzer, Inc: Heller-Aller Pumps© C
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homepagehttp://members.shaw.ca/lsdi
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Tara Pump DetailsTara Pump Details[
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Tara Pump DetailsSend sales related
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Grinding Mills,Deep Well Hand Pumps
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Technology Bank: International Deve
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The IDRC Library: International Dev
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NZ Pump - Shallow Well Village Pump
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SWS Rower PumpsThe SWS Rower pump i
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Boshart Industries : Hand Pumps and
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Hand Pumps - PlumbingSupply.comhand
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0243-2kstore.com, Water pumpCowboy
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Sigma K2●●It must be bolted to
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Sigma K2●See the SPECIFICATIONS s
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Sigma K2Hand operated water pumps f
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Tech Gallery - Treadle PumpFrenchSp
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T.E.MANNING, NETHERLANDS, ADVANCED
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T.E.MANNING, NETHERLANDS, ADVANCED
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New address:New address:http://s.u.
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New Page 2Since then it has been a
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HUMAN-POWEREDWATER-LIFTERSThe choic
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Human Powered Water Lifting Devices
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site has moved...This site has move
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D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: SKINNER
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D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: SKINNERb
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WEDC - Conference Paperof affordabi
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WEDC - Conference PaperThe Afridev
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WEDC - Conference Paperto be kept t
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The Internet Glossary of PumpsGloss
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The Internet Glossary of PumpsCD-RO
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The Internet Glossary of PumpsKEOHP
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WWD PhotosheetsWWD home2001 HomeAbo
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Key Factors for Sustainable Cost Re
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Table of contentsAcknowledgementsvI
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AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks shou
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OP-32-EClearly, however, the concep
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OP-32-EThe BPD Report mentions also
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OP-32-E1.1.2 Findings of a study in
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OP-32-EIdeally, setting a cost reco
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OP-32-ERestoring defective schemes
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OP-32-EHowever, differences within
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OP-32-E• Option A: Immediate full
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OP-32-Eoften has a positive influen
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OP-32-EAnalysing actual habits and
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OP-32-EAdvantages and disadvantages
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OP-32-ETable 4: Community managemen
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OP-32-EPossible distribution of res
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OP-32-E2. Cost recovery in practice
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OP-32-E• Classification of tariff
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OP-32-EAdvantages and disadvantages
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OP-32-EAverage Management Cost (AMC
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OP-32-EIt should be noted that expe
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OP-32-E• Try to firmly install a
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OP-32-EPrivate capitalPrivate capit
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OP-32-EDonations from former reside
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OP-32-EBox 7: Bangladesh, the Grame
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OP-32-E2. Estimating expenditure ov
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OP-32-EMoney collected has to be ke
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OP-32-E2.4.4 Financial control and
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OP-32-Ewater must not only address
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OP-32-EAnnex 1: Example of tariff c
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OP-32-EAnnex 2: Example of tariff c
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OP-32-EManagement costs. They inclu
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OP-32-EBC2 = 211 * 0.6 = 127BC3 = 2
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OP-32-EAnnex 4: Format for budgetin
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OP 32-EBANK BOOKDate Description Dr
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OP 32-EAnnex 6: Example of a behavi
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OP 32-EAnnex 7: BibliographyAbugre,
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OP 32-EPérez, M. (1997a). ‘Eleme
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OP 32-EWorld Bank (1999b). Allocati
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Appendix: Advocacy Papers - IRC Int
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43. Simple drilling methodsIn many
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Simple drilling methodsJettingMetho
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Lone Star Bit Company: LS-100 Mud R
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Introduction of Low Cost Rotary Dri
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• Drilling. Limited to maximum de
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http://www.ghanamission.org/PDF%20F
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Wellspring AfricaWellspring Africa
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The "Sludger Technique" for constru
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The "Sludger Technique" for constru
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The SWS Well-Jetting TechniqueWell-
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Trailer tripod deep well drill for
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Profile -- Cable Tool Drilling, 9/1
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Protecting Water Supply SpringsProt
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Protecting Water Supply SpringsConc
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Protecting Water Supply Springsbear
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Protecting Water Supply Springschlo
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GRAVITY VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY IN SIE
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D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: FELLINGA
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D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: FELLINGA
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SPRING PROTECTION IN UGANDASPRING P
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SPRING PROTECTION IN UGANDAtype lat
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WaterAidIn stable ground, wells are
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WaterAidA hand-dug well fitted with
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error default pageForager-200 rotar
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HAND DUG WELLS FOR VILLAGES IN UGAN
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Rainwater Reservoirs aboveGround St
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ContentPreface.....................
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this technique was no longer used.
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Table1: Rainwater reservoirs at pub
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meal a day and washing the dishes.
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2. Catchment possibilities and choi
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2.2.2 The PVC foil tankSeveral indu
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Table 4: Major materials needed for
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commonly used. Mean annual is the s
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figure 2.3The height from the groun
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Table 5: Capacity of different tank
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If sand is not taken at the site bu
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3.5 Mixing cement plasterThe correc
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4. Installation of a corrugated iro
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and if this water is considered to
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figure 5.2Table 6: Dimensions for f
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5.1.2 Preparation of reinforcementO
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this part at that side of the floor
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figure 5.125.1.6 Further procedure
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5.1.7 Plastering the tank from the
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figure 5.20Remove the plastic foil
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plastered with the first coat, cove
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figure 5.275.2 Reservoir with facto
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crossed rods with binding wire. The
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(or old engine oil) paint the outsi
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figure 5.34Remove all bolts.Remove
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Prepare the nil coat and apply it a
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5.2.15 Removing shutteringDo not re
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start wrapping the mould with mesh
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5.3.6 Roof shutteringFigs. 5.45 and
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you enlarge the hole, more water wi
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figure 5.49Repair of large holes wh
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-Choose the reservoir size accordin
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half-width of the wall is sufficien
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(Name and address of contractor) __
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All material shall be as described
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6% clay, silt, etc. Before commenci
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Cement bricksBurned clay bricks als
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Table 8: Consumption of Portlandcem
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Table 12Table 1379
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7. Gutters and downpipesThe efficie
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Appendix: Technical drawingsfigure8
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figure85
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figurefigure87
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Sourcebook Harvested RainwaterHarve
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Sourcebook Harvested RainwaterIn th
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Sourcebook Harvested RainwaterIn th
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Sourcebook Harvested Rainwaterbolte
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Sourcebook Harvested Rainwater(800)
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Sourcebook Harvested RainwaterUnive
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School Sanitation and Hygiene Educa
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WEDC - Conference Paper(Morgan, 197
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WEDC - Conference PaperWith so many
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WHO | Water, Sanitation and HealthE
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WaterAidtransmission route and redu
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Health and Hygiene PromotionLiverpo
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Some key objectives for hygiene pro
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Some key objectives for hygiene pro
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