Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps

Key Factors for Sustainable Cost RecoveryAdvantages and disadvantages of voluntary fundsAdvantages• Users decide on the amount of thecontribution according to their ability topay and commitment to the project.• Appropriate in communities with a traditionof social projects.• Can be matched to seasonal income.• Encourages a sense of ownership.• Appropriate to finance a small proportionof investments, minor repairs andrecurrent cost particularly in communitieswith low-income levels and for shortperiods of time.Disadvantages• Difficult to finance recurrent cost of water supply orsanitation systems over a long period of time.• Difficult to know who is contributing and who is not.• Can cause disputes between users as people whocontributed the most want to make decisions intheir favour.• Some users contribute without taking into accounttheir use of water and the benefits provided by thesystem.• The total amount that can be collected is uncertainbecause contributions are decided by users on avoluntary basis.General community revenueCommunities can develop communal productive activities, such as cash crops or a village shop, andpay water bills with their profits. Disputes may arise over the priorities to give to the use of theseresources, especially when users do not have equal access to water supply.Advantages and disadvantages of community general revenuesAdvantages• Community members do not have to usetheir income to pay WSS instalments.• Will meet the cost of a big share of theinvestments if high profits are generated.• A sense of commitment and unity withinthe community can be increased.• This can be the first step towards thefuture development of social projects• It makes it possible to supportdevelopments of water supply orsanitation systems.Disadvantages• Equity is not ensured, if all users do not receive thesame level of service• Disputes may arise about priorities to give to theuse of resources• The level of available resources depends on thelevel of profits.Payment in kindHouseholds are sometimes given the opportunity to pay part of their contribution to the construction oftheir water supply in kind, by providing voluntary labour for trench digging, transport, sand pipelaying, or by providing local materials, such as gravel and sand. Payment of part of the constructioncosts in labour instead of money makes the system more affordable to a larger number of householdsthan when all the payments have to be made in cash.Advantages and disadvantages of payment in kindAdvantages• Adapted to the local capacity andresources.• Increases user participation andcommitment to the project.• Project takes into account the realcontribution of communities.2.3.2 Private or cooperative financingDisadvantages• Difficult to give a monetary estimation of paymentsin kind.• Does not solve cash or financial problems.• Villagers can be exploited as free labour.There is an increasing trend for a greater involvement of the private sector in the provision and /ormanagement of WSS services. There are two kinds of private interventions: through private capitaland through cooperative funds.37