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GRAVITY VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY IN SIERRA LEONEThe Gbewobu project is being supported with funds raised by Wellington Regional Council staff andpeople from the Wellington region who have contributed to Water for Survival. You are invited to joinWater for Survival and contribute to this or other similar projects throughout the developing world bycontacting John La Roche, Phone and fax 09-5289-759 or by writing to P O Box 6208, Wellesley StreetAuckland.http://www.lifewater.ca/wfs/wwsieleo.html (3 of 3) [1/13/2005 12:48:37 PM]
D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: FELLINGA22nd WEDC Conference: Discussion paper New Delhi, India, 1996REACHING THE UNREACHED: CHALLENGES FOR THE 21ST CENTURYDevelopment and protection of remote springsWouter Jan Fellinga, BhutanBHUTAN IS A mountainous country in the Himalayas witha small and scattered population. Most people live insmall villages with 5 to 20 houses which are sometimesclustered together, but in many villages the houses arerather scattered on the mountain slopes. Also there aremany solitary houses far away from any village. Providingwater to all these scattered houses by means of theconventional techniques is very expensive due to the totallength of pipe required. Further more, it also puts a highworkload on the households because of the extensivelabour inputs required for trench digging. Fortunately, inmany cases small springs can be found relatively near tothese houses. Developing these small springs and tappingthe water for distribution is the subject of this paper.In fact, the spring protection technique discussed here canalso be used for much bigger springs supplying water toGravity Flow Water Supply Systems.History and problemsProblem oneTill 1994 all water supply projects required a minimum of5 user households and the design used by the departmentwas based on the standards for Gravity-flow brancheddistribution systems. Typically such scheme consists of:an intake structure, a collection/valve box, a ferro-cementreservoir, some ferro-cement break pressure tanksand public tapstands. Treatment is normally not donealthough a few sedimentation tanks have been built. Thesource can be either spring or stream. Due to the requirementof a minimum of 5 households and a maximuminvestment cost per households combined with the typicalvillage structure in Bhutan many households were noteligible for water supply from the Government managedRWS programme.Problem twoAlmost all Rural Water Supply schemes in Bhutan areGravity-flow branched distribution systems. Smallstreams and springs are the sources. The traditionalmethod for collecting water from a spring was to build aV shaped wall a little below the natural spring outlet andcollect the water. The area between the wall is filled withgravel and stones but not sealed. The water collected bythe wall is led in a pipe which leads to a collectionchamber with control valves. However in this way solidmaterials are pick up and deposited in the collectionchamber. The removal of these deposits lead to extraundesired maintenance. Furthermore there is a high chanceof contamination of the water while exposed to the open.It was felt within PHE that this method needed improvement.Alternative schemesTo provide water to single or few households with lessrisk of contamination than their traditional sources a newtype of scheme was introduced in 1994 which is referredto as “Open Fountain System”. A nearby spring is thesource and the system is smaller and relatively simplecompared to typical Gravity Flow Distribution Systems.Because of its simplicity the Open Fountain System caneven be cost effective for one or two households. In theintroduction stage the idea was to develop and protect anearby spring which most likely would already be thesource and collection point for the household. The projectwould improve the intake point by developing the springto avoid contamination. No pipe or tapstand would beprovided from the project near the house as to keep thecost low. In this way detailed technical survey and hydraulicdesign with complicated calculations would beavoided. However, it soon appeared that the beneficiarieswere not very interested if water was not coming nearerto their house. To overcome this problem PHE decided toprovide a limited amount (maximum 300 meter) of HDPpipe (20 or 25 mm) and materials for the construction ofone or two tapstands, when required. These changes haveincreased the popularity but reduced the principle advantagebecause of the increased cost. It is also clear thatcriteria like maximum pipe length are difficult to administersince in some cases the pre-set maximum can just notbe met resulting in arbitrary decisions.Development and protection of springsQuite some literature already exist on the developmentand protection of springs therefore I shall mainly discussour experiences and the problems we encountered. Asmentioned earlier the described technique for the protectionand development of a spring can be used for OpenFountain and Gravity-Flow Distribution Systems alike.The only differences are the yield and the sizes of pipeused for outlet and overflow.Springs can be classified in two main types namelyGravity Springs and Artesian Springs. Since in Bhutangravity springs are most common the discussion willconcentrate on this type.Gravity springs for the two types of rural water supplyschemes (Open-Fountain and Gravity-Flow) are devel-180
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Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps
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Hydraulic ram pumps and Sling Pumps
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Use a hydraulic ram pump to continu
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Use a hydraulic ram pump to continu
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Designing a Hydraulic Ram PumpL = T
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Designing a Hydraulic Ram PumpTable
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CAT Publications at www.ecobooks.co
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Atlas Publications-inexpensive how-
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The Development Technology UnitAnim
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram PumpHome-ma
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumpturn it
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumpthe wat
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Home-made Hydraulic Ram Pumphydraul
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Hydraulic Ram Pump6. The length of
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Hydraulic Ram PumpHydram Size 1 2 3
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Hydraulic Ram PumpTable 3 can now b
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Real Goods Catalog - Library & Offi
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92Prin
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92upon
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Hydraulic Ram Pumps EBAE 161-92Hydr
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Hydraulic Ram Pump System Design an
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Picture GallerySearch the web with
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Ram Pump (from Internet Glossary of
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Motorless Water Pump--Gravi-Chekhtt
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AEE Renewable Energy SupersourcePut
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Real Goods - Folk Ram Pumps
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Sling Pump (from Internet Glossary
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Sling Pump (from Internet Glossary
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Table of ContentsIntroduction _____
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and limited access configurations.F
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Ram PumpsRam pumps are very simpleh
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Nose Pumpsentire pump body.The pump
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Table 2 - Installation Consideratio
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Livestock WateringUSING STREAM-POWE
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Figure 5 Sling PumpInstallation Opt
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Real Goods - Pump water from stream
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SlingpumpsRife Hydraulic Engine Mfg
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Lifewater Canada: Sponsor a WellIf
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Lifewater Canada: Who We AreAccordi
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Handpump & Drilling Resources: Pitc
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Lifewater Canada: The SolutionLifew
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Lifewater Canada: The SolutionProje
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safe water - the gift of life - giv
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Liberia communities with safe drink
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Liberia water and sanitation (watsa
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Lifewater Canada: What Lifewater Ca
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Handpumps and water well drilling t
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Lifewater Canada: Who We AreAbout L
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Lifewater Canada: You Can Help!and
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Lifewater Canada: You Can Help!bein
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Lifewater Canada: Contact Informati
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Lifewater Canada: Contact Informati
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Lifewater Canada: Links to Other Si
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Lifewater Canada: What's New on Our
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Lifewater Canada: Site Map●●●
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Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from
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Global water supply and sanitation
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Global water supply and sanitation
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WaterAidWaterAid is an internationa
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Access to a regular supply of safe
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Regardless of their available resou
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MONITORING HUMAN RIGHTSTreaty:Inter
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WELL - Resource Centre Network for
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War and waterAbout the ICRC | ICRC
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WaterAidText only | font | Sitemap
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Lifewater Canada: Drinking water we
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Lifewater Canada: Overseas Travel P
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Lifewater Drilling & Well Construct
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Appendix F: Lifewater Canada Well R
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Appendix F: Lifewater Canada Well R
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Appendix R: Community Water Supply
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Appendix T: Making safe drinking wa
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorQuan
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorR1 =
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorThe
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Well Water Level and TDS SensorA vi
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Well Water Level and TDS Sensor"The
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Appendix H: Assessing natural clays
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Appendix I: Methods for Grouting Ca
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Section 13: Bush Handpump OverviewO
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Section 13: Bush Handpump OverviewD
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Water for the World IndexWater For
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Water for the World Index●●●
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Water for the World Index●●●O
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Water for the World Index●●●
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Afridev handpumps for safe drinking
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http://www.handpump.org/afri_pump/i
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Consallen Hand PumpsConsallenHandpu
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india mark II handpumpsE-mail: Erns
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india mark II handpumpsPatna 800001
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Kardia hand pumpKardia hand pumpMad
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Bombas de MecateHomeDevelopments In
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vergnet handpumps●use on borehole
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Rural Water Supply Network - The Ha
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Rural Water Supply Network - The Ha
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Rural Water Systems and handpumpsWa
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Hitzer, Inc: Heller-Aller Pumps© C
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homepagehttp://members.shaw.ca/lsdi
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Tara Pump DetailsTara Pump Details[
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Tara Pump DetailsSend sales related
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Grinding Mills,Deep Well Hand Pumps
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Technology Bank: International Deve
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The IDRC Library: International Dev
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NZ Pump - Shallow Well Village Pump
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SWS Rower PumpsThe SWS Rower pump i
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Boshart Industries : Hand Pumps and
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Hand Pumps - PlumbingSupply.comhand
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0243-2kstore.com, Water pumpCowboy
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Sigma K2●●It must be bolted to
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Tech Gallery - Treadle PumpFrenchSp
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T.E.MANNING, NETHERLANDS, ADVANCED
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New Page 2Since then it has been a
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HUMAN-POWEREDWATER-LIFTERSThe choic
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Human Powered Water Lifting Devices
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D WATER RESOURCES AND USE: SKINNER
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WEDC - Conference Paperof affordabi
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The Internet Glossary of PumpsGloss
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The Internet Glossary of PumpsCD-RO
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WWD PhotosheetsWWD home2001 HomeAbo
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Key Factors for Sustainable Cost Re
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Table of contentsAcknowledgementsvI
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AcknowledgementsSpecial thanks shou
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OP-32-EClearly, however, the concep
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OP-32-EThe BPD Report mentions also
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OP-32-E1.1.2 Findings of a study in
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OP-32-EIdeally, setting a cost reco
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OP-32-ERestoring defective schemes
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OP-32-EHowever, differences within
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OP-32-E• Option A: Immediate full
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OP-32-Eoften has a positive influen
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OP-32-EAnalysing actual habits and
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OP-32-EAdvantages and disadvantages
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OP-32-ETable 4: Community managemen
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OP-32-EPossible distribution of res
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OP-32-E2. Cost recovery in practice
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OP-32-E• Classification of tariff
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OP-32-EAdvantages and disadvantages
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OP-32-EAverage Management Cost (AMC
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OP-32-EIt should be noted that expe
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OP-32-EPrivate capitalPrivate capit
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OP-32-EDonations from former reside
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OP-32-EBox 7: Bangladesh, the Grame
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OP-32-EMoney collected has to be ke
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OP-32-EAnnex 1: Example of tariff c
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OP-32-EManagement costs. They inclu
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OP 32-EBANK BOOKDate Description Dr
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OP 32-EAnnex 6: Example of a behavi
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OP 32-EPérez, M. (1997a). ‘Eleme
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OP 32-EWorld Bank (1999b). Allocati
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this part at that side of the floor
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figure 5.125.1.6 Further procedure
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5.1.7 Plastering the tank from the
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figure 5.20Remove the plastic foil
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plastered with the first coat, cove
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figure 5.275.2 Reservoir with facto
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crossed rods with binding wire. The
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(or old engine oil) paint the outsi
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figure 5.34Remove all bolts.Remove
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Prepare the nil coat and apply it a
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5.2.15 Removing shutteringDo not re
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start wrapping the mould with mesh
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5.3.6 Roof shutteringFigs. 5.45 and
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you enlarge the hole, more water wi
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figure 5.49Repair of large holes wh
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-Choose the reservoir size accordin
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half-width of the wall is sufficien
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(Name and address of contractor) __
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All material shall be as described
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6% clay, silt, etc. Before commenci
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Cement bricksBurned clay bricks als
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Table 8: Consumption of Portlandcem
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Table 12Table 1379
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Sourcebook Harvested RainwaterHarve
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Sourcebook Harvested Rainwater(800)
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H MISCELLANEOUS: DIXIT and PATIL22n
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Rainwater HarvestingRainwater Harve
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Rainwater Harvesting●●●The re
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Rainwater Harvesting●❍ clean (r
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IDRC BOOKS: Online and In Print: In
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1.3 Fog harvesting1.3 Fog harvestin
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1.3 Fog harvestingIn Chile, the Nat
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1.3 Fog harvestingand Peru were 3.0
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FogQuest - Fog Collection / Water H
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IDRC REPORTS: Clouds on Tap: Harves
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Water Innovations: Chile's Camancha
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Water Innovations: Chile's Camancha
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Fog Catcher PhotosBaobab:Stills and
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Fog Catcher PhotosEven in a spot as
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Emergency water supply in cold regi
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F WATER QUALITY AND SUPPLY: McCONNA
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International Desalination Associat
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Technical Information W1edepending
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Technical Information W1eAdvantages
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Technical Information W1eSeed Distr
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WHO | Water and sanitation related
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Environmental Sanitation - IRC Inte
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WaterAidPour flush latrinesIn villa
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WaterAidClick here to print all sec
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WHO | Water, Sanitation and HealthE
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WaterAidText only | font | Sitemap
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WaterAidtransmission route and redu
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Health and Hygiene PromotionLiverpo
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Some key objectives for hygiene pro
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ECHOs Global BookstoreBestsellers01
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