Development of Karl Fischer Reagents

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Chapter III: Applications - 2 Chapter III: Applications - 2 In this section we provide some actual examples of the use of Karl Fischer titration with chemical products, other industrial products, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals and other substances. III-1. Industrial Products Most general chemical and industrial products consist of organic or inorganic compounds, either singly or as mixtures. This means that for many products moisture content can be determined using Karl Fischer titration. Because of the wide variety of substance characteristics and forms, however, it is important to choose the most appropriate measurement method with reference to the substances that make up each product. In this chapter we give actual examples of moisture measurement for as many products as possible. 1. Fertilizers Key Points Single-salt fertilizers, such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, urea and potassium chloride, can be either dissolved or dispersed in a general-use dehydrated solvent for Karl Fischer titration. Other substances, such as synthetic fertilizers containing urea, should be dispersed in a general-use dehydrated solvent in preparation for Karl Fischer titration. The moisture content of synthetic fertilizers that do not contain urea can be measured using the moisture vaporization method. Coulometric titration can be used only in conjunction with moisture vaporization. Moisture vaporization is sometimes effective with fertilizers, but account must be taken of the fact that some ingredients in compound fertilizers, such as urea, ammonium phosphate and single superphosphate, break down when heated to certain temperatures. [Examples of Measurement] (1) Volumetric titration Reagents used: Karl Fischer Reagent SS-Z (or SS) Dehydrated Solvent GEX (or MS) 25-50ml 133
III-1. Industrial Products 134 Substance Ammonium sulfate Ammonium chloride Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Urea Potassium chloride Urea+ammonium nitrate Urea+ammonium sulfate +ammonium phosphate Chemical fertilizer High-grade chemical fertilizer Sample quantity (g) 5.1321 5.0541 2.5784 5.0635 2.5089 2.5113 2.5213 2.5055 0.4920 0.1500 Measurement value (mg) 0.70 1.80 15.60 5.01 1.40 8.80 23.75 33.75 14.63 5.34 (2) Moisture vaporization - Coulometric titration Reagents used: Aquamicron AX (or AS) 150ml Aquamicron CXU 10ml Substance Ammonium sulfate Chemical fertilizer High-grade chemical fertilizer Heating Temperature ( �C) 100 100 100 Sample Quantity (g) 0.6294 0.0998 0.0929 Moisture Content (%) 136ppm 356ppm 0.605 0.099 558ppm 0.350 0.942 1.35 2.97 3.56 Measurement Value (µg) 2827 2000 3539 Heating loss method (%) 0.016 0.044 0.59 0.080 0.060 0.36 0.94 1.30 2.23 3.30 Moisture Content (%) 0.449 2.00 3.81
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Introduction The methods used to an
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eagents and analytical methods. As
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5. Officiak Testing Methods and Doc
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8 6.Goument Foods, etc. III-3.Pharm
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge Chapter
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge at a tim
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following formula: Chapter I: Basic
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[Procedures] Chapter I: Basic Knowl
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge electrod
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! Electrolysis cell Titration syste
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1. Karl Fischer Reagent SS-Z, SS Ch
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! Helpful hint - 4 Chapter I: Basic
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[Characteristics] Chapter I: Basic
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[Characteristics] [Applications] Ch
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[Characteristics] [Applications] Ch
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge a) No es
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2. Electrolytes for use with Ketone
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3. Applicability of Karl Fischer Ti
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Q9 Chapter I: Basic Knowledge What
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge Na2S2O5+
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge (3) Sila
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge Measurin
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[Procedures] Chapter I: Basic Knowl
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge (3) Usin
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Q12 Chapter I: Basic Knowledge How
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Silicon rubber Figure 6: Sampling S
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge (2) Syri
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge (1) Upri
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Aquamicron CXU 5. Official Testing
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2. Japan Pharmaceutical Codex (Revi
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5. Japan LPG Association Standards
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge Part 2:
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Chapter I: Basic Knowledge 6. Impor
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Chapter II: Applications - 1 Chapte
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Chapter II: Applications - 1 Chapte
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Chapter II: Applications - 1 [Examp
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Examples of substances that can be
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Chapter II: Applications - 1 [Examp
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(2) Coulometric titration Reagents
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Examples of substances that can be
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Page 86 and 87: 7. Aldehydes Key Points Chapter II:
Page 88 and 89: Chapter II: Applications - 1 1) Sam
Page 90 and 91: 8. Organic Acids Key Points Chapter
Page 92 and 93: (2) Coulometric titration Reagents
Page 94 and 95: 10. Organic Acid Salts Key Points C
Page 96 and 97: Chapter II: Applications - 1 [Examp
Page 98 and 99: Chapter II: Applications - 1 Substa
Page 100 and 101: Substance pKa Sample quantity (g) C
Page 104 and 105: Substance Semicarbazide hydrochlori
Page 106 and 107: 17. Acid Anhydrides Key Points Chap
Page 108 and 109: 20. Peroxides Key Points Chapter II
Page 110 and 111: [Examples of Measurement] (1) Volum
Page 112 and 113: Chapter II: Applications - 1 1-Phen
Page 114 and 115: 1. Metals and Simple Substances Key
Page 116 and 117: 2. Inorganic Acids Key Points Chapt
Page 118 and 119: Chapter II: Applications - 1 b) Tit
Page 120 and 121: Substance Calcium hydroxide " Magne
Page 122 and 123: 5. Halides (halogenides) Key Points
Page 124 and 125: Substance Potassium chloride " Lith
Page 126 and 127: 7. Sulfates, Sulfites Key Points Ch
Page 128 and 129: 8. Other Salts Key Points Chapter I
Page 130 and 131: 9. Inorganic Gases Key Points Chapt
Page 132 and 133: Chapter III: Applications - 2 Chapt
Page 136 and 137: 2. Agricultural Chemicals Key Point
Page 138 and 139: [Examples of Measurement] (1) Volum
Page 140 and 141: Chapter III: Applications - 2 (4) C
Page 142 and 143: Substance LPG Ethylene Propane Buta
Page 144 and 145: 6. Petroleum Products Key Points Ch
Page 146 and 147: Substance Dehydrated solvents [Insu
Page 148 and 149: 7. Plastics Key Points Chapter III:
Page 150 and 151: [Examples of Measurement] (1) Moist
Page 152 and 153: Raw rubber NR SBR BR CR NBR Vulcani
Page 154 and 155: Substance 10. Dyestuff Intermediate
Page 158 and 159: Chapter III: Applications - 2 such
Page 160 and 161: Chapter III: Applications - 2 (2) M
Page 162 and 163: Substance Epoxy resins (powder) Iso
Page 164 and 165: (4) Moisture vaporization - Coulome
Page 166 and 167: Substance Sample Quantity (g) Measu
Page 168 and 169: III-2. Foodstuffs Chapter III: Appl
Page 172 and 173: 2. Cereals and Dried Vegetables Key
Page 174 and 175: 3. Sugars and Condiments Key Points
Page 176 and 177: Chapter III: Applications - 2 [Exam
Page 178 and 179: Substance Heating Temperature ( �
Page 182 and 183: Chapter III: Applications - 2 [Exam
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Substance Dehydrated solvents Sampl
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Substance Dehydrated solvents Sampl
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[Examples of Measurement] (1) Volum
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2. Natural Products Key Points Subs
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Chapter IV: List of Karl Fischer Re
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ChapterV: Summary of Selection Proc
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Index 202
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Index B: Bakelite paper ��
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Index Cyclohexanol ��
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Index (L-) Histidine ��
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Index (p-) Nitrophenol ��
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Index Sodium 5'-guanylate ��
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214
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216
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218 copyright©2004by API Corporati
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Printed in Japan Rev. 3
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Development of Karl Fischer Reagents

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