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Environmental and Social Management Frameworkn. Avoiding Hazards caused by the use of Bitumen• Mitigative Measures:- The contractors must use bitumen emulsion where feasible;- In hilly areas with steep road gradients, cut-back bitumen should be used;- Use of fuel wood for heating bitumen shall be discouraged;- Where heating is required, bitumen heaters should be used, fuelled byeither kerosene, diesel or gas;- Bitumen should not be applied during strong winds and rainy periods, or ifrain is likely;- No bituminous materials should be discharged into side drains;- Nearby trees, vegetation and private property should be protected (withcloth, plastic sheets, straw) during bitumen spraying work;- Bitumen drums should be stored at designated locations and notscattered along the road.- Work personnel handling hot bitumen must wear all time protective cloths(appropriate shoes, gloves). Work time with bitumen should be confinedto maximum 4 consecutive hrs/day to prevent respiratory hazards.(2) Impact Mitigation relating to the Biological Environmenta. Clearing of Forest Land and Habitat Damage or LossRoad development projects have manifold direct ad indirect (induced) impactsaffecting the ecological conditions in the zone of influence at various time andspace extent. This holds particularly true for aquatic systems where projectinducedimpacts are often noticed at much further distance and time lapse. Roadprojects also bear the inherent risk of attracting ad accelerating illegal timberextraction if not strictly controlled.• Preventive Measures:- The likelihood of serious environmental impacts on forest land or onaquatic systems as a result of road projects can be reduced by:- Sensitive natural environment areas should be identified early in theplanning process so that alternate routes and designs may beconsidered. Therefore consult forestry and land-use maps, as well aslocal/regional development plans;- Wherever possible, road developments should be located more than onekilometre away from sensitive areas to avoid severe impacts on flora andfauna;- Establishment of barriers to control entrance to forest areas;- Strict implementation of environmental work code.- Preparation of land-use plan that incorporates environmental sensitivelocations of at least the environmental corridor and strict adherence to thesame can help to preserve the forest and wildlife.- To protect aquatic resources, provide for designated sites for disposal ofoil/grease/chemicals,• Mitigative Measures:- Clear trees only when absolutely necessary. Trees falling in right-of-waybut not on formation width need not be cleared, rather consider newplantation of selected (non-exotic) species;- Planting in road right of way, adjacent areas and other public areas inconsultation with local people can help to support local flora and fauna. Insome cases, compensatory planting in locations away from the roadimpact zone may provide additional habitats and migration routes for localanimals, while also guarding against erosion;- Compensatory plantation should be done in the ratio of 1:25 for eachcleared tree, as per decision of the Department of Forest.Chapter 6-14 April 2007
Environmental and Social Management Framework- Border plant species need to be chosen for resistance to wind or fire insome areas;- Planting should be done wherever possible with native species, which arelikely to require little maintenance and may prove beneficial in maintainingecosystem integrity;- In cases where non-native species of plants are deemed essential,careful monitoring should be planned, to ensure that they do not competetoo successfully with native species and spread uncontrollably.- To protect aquatic resources, provide precautionary mechanisms to avoidaccidental spills, controlling of open-field defecation by work staff andrestrict access and amount to drinking water sources other than agreedwith local communities and entitled users.- Stream re-channelling should be avoided as much as possible, but whereit must be done, efforts should be made to recreate lost channel diversity;- Careful attention should be paid to erosion control techniques nearwatercourses;- Culvert crossings should be designed with the needs of migratory aquaticspecies in mind;- Baffles might be installed to slow the flow enough to allow fish and othersto swim against the current and culvert bottoms should be set below thelevel of stream bed;- Pre-development streambed gradients should be maintained whereverpossible;- Destructive fishing technique by the labour-force and technicians, such asuse of dynamite, fish poisoning and application of gill and electro-fishingshall be strictly prohibited during project implementation period.- Supply meat and fish by contractor to the labour force and constructionareas from outside the project area, as possible.- To prevent the introduction of invasive species (by work personnel,supply trucks and machinery used), the project should make adequateprovisions and control mechanisms. Visual control for invasive species(e.g. pests, rodents, spoiled vegetables) and adequate destroymechanisms shall be put in place.• Compensatory Measures:- Replacing damaged or lost biotopes with others of equal or similarcharacteristics and ecological significance as compensation for lostecosystem and biodiversity.- Ecologically valuable biotopes damaged by roads can be restored, andnearby biotopes of the same significance can be protected as parks orreserves.- Compensation for lost fish diversity and reduced fisheries production canbe compensated by stocking nearby or other fishing grounds withartificially hatched/reared fish fries and fingerlings. Thus, impediments ofthe livelihood of fishermen families could be eased or set off.- For compensatory aquaculture measures it must be strictly prevented toconsider the introduction of exotic species (such as Nile Perches, Tilapia)since these may put the local and indigenous fish fauna and the entireecosystem balance at hazard. Any compensatory fish stocking mustfollow a thorough feasibility analysis and assessment by the regionalfisheries extension services or experts before adopting this measure.b. Avoiding Habitat Fragmentation• Preventive Measures:- Water crossing should be minimized, and buffer zones of undisturbedvegetation should be left between roads and watercourses;April 2007 Chapter 6-15
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Government of NepalMinistry of Phys
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