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Environmental and Social Management Frameworkmitigation measures at an early stage to avoid any disastrous consequences.The same approach also applies during Environmental Audit to be carried out twoyears after completion of each road project. These monitoring activities will alsoindicate how accurate was the impact prediction, and how efficient were thecorresponding mitigation measures. The main monitoring instrument is the set ofindicators identified in the EMAP.An important verification instrument are thematic (GIS) maps, especially thosereferring to ecologically, sociologically and culturally sensitive areas, as well asmaps showing the pre-construction land-use activities and community properties.ad ii)Monitoring Activities during Construction Phase.Compliance monitoring will be done by the Project Management (in-house orappointed individual professional or professional organization), and closelymonitored by the DoR/GESU at the central level to ensure that EMAPrecommendations are complied.The main parameters for measurement will include, among others:• Verification that the EA mitigation recommendations relevant to theContractor’s are understood well by the contractors and his foremen / fieldsupervisors• health and sanitation aspects with respect to the ongoing construction works;• waste management precautions and procedures;• use, storage and handling procedures for hazardous and constructionmaterial;• social impacts and/or imbalances associated with the ongoing activities;• Gender issues observed;• employment pattern and schedules;• restriction of children’s work.The impact monitoring during this project phase focuses on pre-identified (in theEMP) indicators to assess whether the impacts have been accurately predicted,and whether the mitigation measures are sufficient and effective. Effectparameters would include, among others:• quality and quantities (at different seasons) of water resources at criticaladjacent areas like crossing of major water bodies;• quality and quantities (at different seasons) of potable water supply to workcamps and affected villages;• disposal areas and hazardous waste dump areas for leaching or run-off;• natural and/or artificial re-vegetation at erosion-prone areas;• status and disturbance of flora and fauna in areas adjacent or in the reach ofinfluence of the construction activities;• status of forests and forest species diversity, including community forests;• status and/or maintenance requirement for re-vegetation and slopestabilization;• effects of project-related employment and resettlement on both environmentaland human resources the local (or host) communities depend on.• public safety and security aspects with respect to the construction works underway;• public health;• community conflicts and social imbalances.Chapter 2-28 April 2007
Environmental and Social Management Frameworkad iii)Monitoring Activities during Operation PhaseLike in the construction phase monitoring, there will be compliance and impacteffect monitoring. The compliance monitoring will focus on determining that theprescribed mitigation and enhancement measures are duly carried out duringroad maintenance and operation of the road. The responsibility of operationphase monitoring lies with District or Division Road Office/DoR. The monitoringwill again focus on key indicators to assess whether the impacts have beenaccurately predicted and whether the mitigation measures are sufficient andeffective. The main parameters for monitoring in this phase will include:• Life standards and level of acceptance of resettled households to their newhomes and communities;• quality and quantities of potable water supply to affected villages and,temporarily, to maintenance worker colony• forest, water resources, soils and land use changes;• status and potential damage to community forestland;• effects of access and control measures on forest, wildlife habitats andpopulations;• illegal hunting, trapping and trading of wildlife and tree felling;• public safety and security issues related to the road project;• health and sanitation issues related to the road project;• effects of project-related employment and resettlement on both environmentaland human resources the local (or host) communities depend on.The foreseen methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measuresor environmental effects should be as simple as possible, consistent withcollecting useful information, so that community members can apply themthemselves. For example, they could just be regular observers of subprojectactivities or sites during construction and operation. Most observations ofinappropriate behaviour or adverse effects should lead to common-sensesolutions.All monitoring activities described and proposed need to be included in theEnvironmental and Social Management section for cost estimation. Based onprevious experience (RMDP) and on consultations with various stakeholders thatoften it was not possible for contractors to implement the environmentalmanagement measures as no budgetary provision is made to cover the extracosts involved in carrying out environment management works. The cost ofmitigation measures and environmental monitoring should therefore beincorporated within the project cost estimates. Furthermore, if the in-house DoRstaff is not capable to carry out environmental monitoring, the project should hireprofessionals from private sector to ensure independent compliance and impactmonitoring activities. All environmental costs should be presented in EXCEL worksheets, and follow the chronological itemization of all proposed activities thatneed to enter the project’s budget.To summarize the above monitoring aspects, Tab. 2.10 provides a matrix for theMonitoring Framework for environmental parameters. Concerning the monitoringframework for social parameters, especially those linked to resettlement andvulnerable groups, reference is made to Chapter 9 of this ESMF.April 2007 Chapter 2-29
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