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Environmental and Social Management FrameworkTable 4.1: Opportunities and Risks from Road Construction Activities 2Sector Opportunities RisksLand Resettlement, rehabilitation andincrease in quality of lifeLandless, displacement, and decrease in qualityof lifeShelter Reconstruction of project acquired Homelessness and displacement, destitutionhouses, improved housing standardsEmployment Job opportunity JoblessnessSocial Social inclusionSocial marginalization, destitution, conflictsChangeSocial Network and community linkage Social dysfunction and conflictsCohesionHealth Improved health care Increased morbidity and endemic diseases,spread of STDs, drugs, people traffickingNutrition Adequate nutrition Food insecurityCommonResourcesRestoration of community resourceassets and servicesLoss of access to common property resources,environmental hazards (irreversible, long-term)Education New or improved schoolopportunities for allChildren’s education restricted to wealthypeopleInfrastructure Rebuilding or strengthening Infrastructure failureCulturalHeritageSaving or re-siting cultural artefacts Heritage degradation or loss, cultural conflicts4.2 Beneficial ImpactsRoad Projects are generally intended to improve the economic and social welfareof people. The development efforts of the SRN Program, particularly thedevelopment of a strategic transportation network will have multifold beneficialimpacts. The majority of the communities receiving new and/or improved roadsbelieves that improved accessibility resulting from the project will improve theirstandard of living, give access to nearby markets and resources, education andhealth facilities. Unanimously the consulted communities are willing to provideassistance and to provide/donate voluntarily land for the RoW.The immediate beneficial impacts form road development become apparent inthe construction phase. Depending on the demographic and socio-economicsetting in a given location there will be various employment opportunities for thelocal population.During operation stage, an improved road access will bring in most if not alllocalities an improvement of food security situation, and will result in an overalleconomic and social stability. Increased road capacity and improved pavementsare expected to reduce travel times and lower the costs of vehicle use. At thesame time, good and reliable road links will increase access to markets, jobs,education, and health services and reducing transport costs for both freight andpassengers. In the long term, the road will provide safe and fast transport ofgoods and services from rural areas to urban centres and vice versa. This willbring about increase in productivity in rural areas and eventually improve theoverall socio-economic condition of people living in or nearby road corridors. At amore detailed level, the single benefit aspects are discussed hereunder andexpected to be detailed in the specific assessments in the forthcoming SRN subprojects.2 See also Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated RoadDevelopment, Road Maintenance and Development Project, Department of Roads / WorldBank, 2003Chapter 4-2 April 2007
Environmental and Social Management Framework4.2.1 Generation of EmploymentOne of the major direct beneficial impacts is the creation of employment. Thesub-projects would require a large number of skilled and unskilled manpower. Forexample, for Mirchaiya-Katari-Sunkoshi Road, assuming 18 months of theconstruction period, about 100 skilled, 850 unskilled labours will be requiredevery day which gives the ample opportunity for the local people to work.. Thesocio-economic information indicates that about 70 percent of the local peopleare economically active and most of them out-migrate during the agriculture offseason.As the road upgrading works require labourers, it is likely that they will prefer towork in these projects to stay close to their families. The project shall provideadequate training for masonry works and carpentering to increase the skills oflocal work candidates. Among the key requirements for employment of locallabourers are:• No gender disparity in terms of number of unskilled workers and wages forequal type of work,• Preference to disadvantaged ad vulnerable local groups,• Strict avoidance of children (up to age 16) work, and• Scheduling the construction works as much as feasible during the agriculturaloff-season to enable local people to become engaged, and to bridge thelenient/income-low season to secure food sufficiency.4.2.2 Opportunities of New Income Generating Activities (IGAs)The construction activities will not only increase the income sources of the localpeople, but will open opportunities for additional business opportunities such asthe establishment of local tea stalls and ‘dal bhat’ shops. As a result, a significantamount of cash from the project works will be channelled into the local economyand will generally foster the development off other micro-enterprises.Once an all-year road access is available, local farmers may be encouraged tostart additional or other small scale agro-industries, cold storage, juice andcandy, ketchup, bakery etc. When completed, improved road connectivity willbring about opportunities for the promotion of trade and business. All weatherroad facilities will enhance the trade and business because of round the yearaccess and reduced transportation cost. The flow of goods from and to theproject influence area will be continuous. Local products could be transportedoutside markets at low cost, thereby benefiting the producers.The local agricultural and horticulture products (citrus, apple, tropical fruits) thatuse to go rotten and waste previously can be processed and transported. Thusan improved road linkage with other markets opens potential opportunities for theproduction of off-season vegetables.In this context, however, care must be taken to channel IGAs to ensure thatbenefits are equally distributed among the local communities. In Nepal, quiteoften migrants or outsiders tend to overtake the locals in terms of realizingbenefits from the new development much faster and at costs of thelocal/disadvantaged communities. Therefore it is recommended to install effectivesocial mobilization from NGOs to encourage local people to tap the newopportunities, which includes also the creation of credit facilities, support fromgovernment agencies, extension services as well as support from the roadprogram itself.April 2007 Chapter 4-3
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Government of NepalMinistry of Phys
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