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Environmental and Social Management Framework• Institutions involved in project implementation (roles, strength andweakness) at different project stages, as well as supervision andmonitoring arrangements;• Maintenance approach (fund, institutional mechanism, human resources).(4) Identification and Analysis of Project AlternativesThis part of the EIA Report consists of a comprehensive discussion of pros andcons for alternative alignment of the proposed road (in map and description). Ithas to provide the explanation and argumentation for choice of options, takinginto account the respective environmental, socio-economic and costconsiderations. For each alternative, the potential impact on the environmentaland social setting needs to be discussed. Alternative assessment may include:Project Alternative• Alternative Route and Location• Alternative Design and Construction Methods• Alternative Resources (alternative construction materials)• Do nothing Alternative.(5) Identification and Analysis of Potential Direct and Indirect ImpactsFor the chosen project area all receptors of project-induced impacts need to bediscussed separately. This section of the report needs also the description anddefinition of the predicted zone of project influence. Typically, receptors includewater, air, soil, forest, fauna, flora, human beings, cultural assets, structures,buildings etc. The principal task of this section is to identify, predict andevaluate the intensity, extent and duration in which a project activity will have animpact on a receptor or multiple receptors, and multiple activities having impactson receptor, or how receptors(s) might have on project and its activities. Theresulting impacts (positive and negative) will be categorized, preferably in amatrix form (see below) as direct, indirect, combined/cumulative, synergistic,short termed, medium termed, long termed, reversible, irreversible, severe,moderate and insignificant (see Box 2.3).Box 2.3Types of Impacts Commonly Associated with Road Construction ProjectsDirect Impacts: Alteration of the existing environmental conditions as a directconsequence of project activity. These are site specific impacts such as if the roadpasses through forest and trees or vegetations are cleared as part of site clearance.Indirect or Induced Impacts: Such impacts occur when the effect of project activityon one component produces repercussions on other components. A direct impactmay also induce indirect or secondary impacts on environment. For examplelandslides that occur due to construction of road may lead to damage of cultivatedland and eventually loss of agricultural production.Cumulative Impacts: This is referred as the combination of impacts of two or moreprojects or combination of impacts of several activities of one project.Reversible Impacts: Impacts generated by particular action of project can beminimized through mitigation measures or by nature itself.Irreversible Impact: Impacts generated by project action that is unlikely (or costineffective)to be replaced by mitigation measures or by nature itself over the time.Beneficial Impacts: Road projects will generate various beneficial impacts onenvironment and society and will contribute to improve the quality of human life. ForChapter 2-14 April 2007
Environmental and Social Management Frameworkexample, the road construction will increase the quality of life in terms of decreasein transportation cost, time and improve safety.Adverse Impacts: Road also bears the risk for various negative impacts on theenvironment and local population. For example loss of forest for site clearance maylead to increase in time for collection of fuel and fodder for local communities.Magnitude of Impacts: Defined as the severity of each potential impact, to becategorized as high, medium and low, or other conventional forms of scaling.Extent of Impacts: Road Impacts may range from its origin to different placedepending upon the type and nature of project. The spatial extent or Zone ofinfluence of an impact can be categorized as site specific (limited), local (e.g., withina watershed or community), regional (e.g., beyond a watershed or community),national (affecting natural or socio-cultural resources on a national scale), andtransboundary.Duration of Impacts: Impacts may have temporal dimensions (time factor) thatshould be considered during impact assessment. The duration (when and how longit will last) of impacts can be categorized in terms of short term (3 to 9 years),medium terms (10 to 20 years), and long term (more than 20 years) after projectcompletion.A sample of direct, indirect and cumulative impacts that are likely to occur in anyof the proposed SRN sub-projects is presented in Fig. 2.3.Fig. 2.3: Schematic Diagram on Possible Environmental Impacts ofRoad Development ActivitiesApril 2007 Chapter 2-15
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