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Environmental and Social Management FrameworkDust and emissions from asphalt mixing plants is a significant pollution problem,although more of localized and temporary nature (over a period of months). Acurrent example of this is the plant situated near Naubise for the rehabilitation ofthe Thankot-Naubise road, which affected a relatively wide area of the valley. Inplaces it seems that the local community tolerated this kind of intrusion onaccount of the large number of jobs created during its operation. Elsewhere cashcompensation is demanded.. During the reconstruction of Malekhu-Mugling road,the project had to contribute for extension of a school building at Charaundi inreturn for access to a nearby river bank site to locate there an asphalt plant.Air pollution isintercepted by localbuildings, monumentsand cultural heritagesites, which aregenerally stained,corroded and dirtiedas a result. They areinhaled directly fromair or ingested whenhuman eat food cropsgrown near busy roadsand which have hadparticulates settled onthem. They areThe emission propagation processingested whenhumans touch surfaces in their environment and then make contact with theirmouths while eating or playing. Lead commonly finds its way into children’sbodies in this way. Pollutants are washed out of the air by falling raindrops andfall as acid precipitation.m. Noise PollutionRoad construction and maintenance generally require the use of heavymachinery and crusher plants. Noise associated with road development has fourmain sources: (i) vehicles (engines, transmission, exhaust and suspension); (ii)friction between tire of vehicles and road surface; (iii) driver behaviour (excessivehonking, loud music, shouting at each other, causing tire to squeal by suddenbreaking or acceleration); and (v) construction and maintenance activity.Although the construction activities are intermittent and localized, theynevertheless contribute to significant amounts of sustained noise duringequipment operation. Chronic noise exposure can be a source of nuisance,creating communication problems and leading to elevated stress levels as well asassociated behavioural and health effects. It can cause auditory fatigue,temporary and permanent lessening of hearing ability, sleep disorders, and cancontribute to learning problems in children.Noise may prevent many animal species from approaching or crossing roadcorridors because they are afraid. As a result, road corridor becomes a barrier toregular wildlife migration routes, and effectively rendering roadside habitat areasinaccessible to some species. Such disturbance reduces the success of thesespecies and contributes to ecological alteration. Livestock and wildlife mayexperience breeding problems and other forms of behavioural disturbances.The vibration induced by the resonance of traffic noise can have a detrimentaleffect on structures standing near the road. This is of particular concern in thecase of cultural heritage sites.Chapter 4-16 April 2007
Environmental and Social Management Frameworkn. Hazards caused by Explosive, Combustible and Toxic MaterialsDuring road construction activities, explosive materials are needed to blast hardrocks to open road track. The use of explosives, if not done carefully, can lead toextensive environmental damages in terms of causing slope instability, excessiverock fracturing, damage to nearby property due to vibration as well as rocksplinters, injury, disturbance to wildlife, air pollution etc.The safeguarding of explosive from theft is also a major concern. The regulationsof the Government of Nepal for transporting both the gelatin and detonators arewell laid out and are carefully adhered to. A police guard and a responsible officerhave to accompany eachshipment. Problems more usuallyoccur with theft from stores inremote areas. In the past,explosives are thought to havebeen stolen for fishing or othercriminal activities. Recently it hasbecome a serious securityconcern.Contractors may store fuel, oil andlubricants, diesel and petrol,bitumen, solvents and other toxicchemicals for use in constructionwork. Inappropriate storage ofsuch materials or accidents oftankers may cause spillage orleakage, polluting surface and groundwater, contaminate soil, cause fire andexplosion hazards and nuisance to human health.Combustible materials mostly comprise fuels and lubricants, bitumen, and jutenetting. The most common risk involved is bitumen distributors catching fire.Cement, a widely used material but can cause minor chemical burns and skinproblems to the users. Protective clothing is rarely provided or used. In hotweather, it may be uncomfortable and therefore its use difficult to enforce.Explosives need particular handling and precautionary measures, both in termsof safety and in affecting the environment. Rock blasting may, for instance,trigger slope instability. Excessive rock fracturing is common feature in Kamphek-Rajarani and Chhinchu – Jajarkot roads. Minor widening of the Mugling –Marsyangdi section of Prithivi Highway led to a massive rock fall in November1994. This was cleared, but large falls continued at intervals in the same place.The slope was relatively stable before the widening was carried out, but itappears that the contractor’s use of explosives gave rise to a severe stabilityproblem.o. Potential impacts caused by BitumenThe use of bitumen is one of the most hazardous materials used for roadconstruction and maintenance activities. Bitumen storage is a frequentenvironmental problem that can only be met by special precautionary measures.Bitumen drums often get damaged during transit, leading to a leakage in storageplaces which often are not or not adequately cleaned up afterwards: Negativeexamples are plenty in Nepal, e. g. former storage area of Kurintar, where poolsof split bitumen can still be found in cattle grazing areas, many years after therehabilitation of the road was completed.During application, workers are often (for various but unacceptable reasons) notadequately protected. Bitumen is applied at a high temperature, leading to aApril 2007 Chapter 4-17
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Government of NepalMinistry of Phys
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