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Environmental and Social Management FrameworkChapter 88 Vulnerable Community Development Framework8.1 IntroductionThe Sector Wide Road Program and Priority Investment Plan (SWRP & PIP)aims to carry out detailed technical and economic feasibility studies for newconstruction, upgrading and improvement of some 815 Km. The key objective ofthe study is to generate the total length of all weather national grid of roadnetworks comprising both strategic and rural roads to allow accessibility to thepopulace not farther than four hours walk in the hills and two hours walk in theTerai. The project aims to carry out technical and economic feasibility studies fornew construction, upgrading and improvement (rehabilitation) of selectedstrategic road network.During the project implementation, the project may affect vulnerable people’scommunities in the areas of the planned sub-projects. Therefore, a VulnerableCommunity Development Policy Framework needs to be prepared as aprecautionary measure to define the policy, institutional and implementationframework to address impacts on vulnerable communities throughout the variousstages of the foreseen sub-projects.Social field surveys are carried out by the project’s Consultants to identify allareas and sites where there will be adverse impact on vulnerable communities,especially where land acquisition and resettlement might be needed. In suchcases a Vulnerable Community Development Plan (VCDP) will be developed toaddress particularly the needs of such vulnerable people. The Plan will makeprovisions to ensure meaningful consultations of target beneficiaries in all stagesof the project, and to develop suitable assistance in accordance with the specificpriorities and habits of those groups.8.2 Implications for the SRN ProgramThe two major fields where the forthcoming road development projects potentiallyaffect the entire local population are land acquisition and resettlement. In additionthere are many other likely risks associated with the road construction works thatmay particularly impinge on vulnerable communities living in the zone of influenceof the sub-project areas.Issues of resettlement and vulnerable community support must therefore beaddressed simultaneously within the framework or process. The framework forVCDP is prepared for the study project under the MoPPW/DoR in compliancewith the World Bank1 OP 4.10 and 4.12 on Indigenous Peoples and InvoluntaryResettlement Policies, and the GoN’s legal provisions and policies on thevulnerable communities. The VCDP Framework will be applicable to all subprojectsunder the SRN Program where construction work may possibly affect1 Equally taking into due account ADB’s policies and operational manuals on the same subjectsApril 2007 Chapter 8-1
Environmental and Social Management Frameworkvulnerable communities. It will take the following categories of people intoparticular account:• Poorest of the poor, irrespective of class, cast, gender and ethnicity (basedon the local wealth ranking)• Women headed poor households• All Dalit and ethnic minorities/ indigenous groups as categorized by GoNbeing vulnerable• Community members who are less able to care themselves without family orother support• Landless, squatters and encroachers.8.3 Potential Vulnerable Communities in NepalIn the context of Nepal, vulnerable community means communities living in aremote location who are commonly landless, marginal farmers living belowsubsistence level and often ex-kamaias (bonded labourers). Moreover, thesegroups have no or limited access to public resources, and they almost neverparticipate in national planning, policy, and do not partake in decision makingprocesses or in development initiatives. As a result, their risk of falling below theincome poverty line is extraordinarily high.Formal and informal studies reveal that most of the Janajati, Adhibasi, Dalit andgenerally women fall under the category of vulnerable persons in Nepal. This isalso reflected in the Government’s Tenth Plan (see Chapter 3) which recognizeswomen, disabled, ethnic minorities and Dalit groups as the prominent poor andmarginalized groups. Women in all social groups and regions have been provenas more disadvantaged than their male counterpart and even among women,widows, separated divorced and women headed households are particularlydisadvantaged.In Nepal, the term indigenous people (Adhibasi) equates with ethnic groups(Janajati). The constitution of Nepal recognizes indigenous people as Janajatis orNationalities. The National Foundation for Improving the Living Standard ofAdhibasi/Janajati has defined indigenous people as ‘those ethnic groups orcommunities who have their own mother tongue and traditional customs, distinctcultural identity, distinct social structure and written or oral history of their own’.Following this definition, the same source identified 59 groups in Nepal as ethnicindigenous groups or nationalities.Table 8.1: Classification of Vulnerable Groups/Janajati in NepalEndangered Bankariya, Kusunda, Kushbadia, Raute, Surel, Hayu, Raji, Kisan,GroupsLepcha, Meche (10 groups)Highly Marginalized Santhal, Jhangad, Chepang, Thami, Majhi, Bote, DhanukGroups(Rajbansi), Lhomi (Singsawa), Thudamba, Siyar (Chumba),Baramu, Danuwar (12 groups)Marginalized Sunuwar, Tharu, Tamang, Bhujel, Kumal, Rajbansi (Koch),GroupsGangai, Dhimal, Bhote, Darai, Tajpuria, Pahari, Dhokpya(Topkegola), Dolpo, Free, Magal, Larke (Nupriba), Lhopa, Dura,Walung (20 groups)Disadvantaged Jirel, Tangbe (Tangbetani), Hyolmo, Limbu, Yakkha, Rai,GroupsChhantyal, Magar, Chhairotan, Tingaunle Thakali, Bahragaunle,Byansi, Gurung, Marphali Thakali, Sherpa. (15 groups)Advanced Groups Newar, Thakali (2 groups)[Source: National Foundation for Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) 2004]Chapter 8-2 April 2007
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Government of NepalMinistry of Phys
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