analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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1.2 Background and literature review 10 1.2 Background and literature review The duty of environmental protection and its sustainable development requires the design of energy efficient buildings. Computer-based simulations play a very important role in this process. Additionally, this type of analysis can be useful in achieving thermal comfort in occupied spaces. First a survey of problems concerned with the subject of the current dissertation was carried out in order to perform a more detailed and complex analysis of the thermal behavior of buildings and to determine the most important factors, especially solar radiation affecting energy consumption. A strong development of modelling techniques is observed and there are a lot of analytical and experimental works related to energy simulation in buildings. For these reasons, the literature review is limited mainly to scientific investigations that have been performed during the last decade. The current bibliographic survey and a short description of the elaborated problems are shared in the following sections and are presented below: • modelling and simulation of building thermal behavior, • analysis of solar heat gain through windows, • influence of building envelope construction on energy consumption, • modelling and designing solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems. 1.2.1 Method for modelling and simulation of building thermal behaviour Building energy simulation methods can be divided into two basic levels: simplified and detailed analysis techniques. We find in the paper written by Al-Homoud (Al-Homoud, 2001) a complex review of both building energy simulation approaches. It is possible to distinguish between the four basic simplified methods of estimating energy consumption that are summarized below. SIMPIFIED METHODS Degree-Day (DD) method The Degree-Day method assumes that heat loss and gain are proportional to the equivalent heat-loss coefficient of the building envelope. This steady-state procedure is very popular and widely used to estimate heating and cooling energy demands mainly in small buildings. The calculating procedure is based on the assumption that the average energy gain during a long-term counterbalance heat loss for the mean daily inside temperature θF equals to 18.3°C (65°F), also called a balance point temperature. Therefore, energy consumption will be proportional to the difference between θF and the mean daily temperature θMD.
1.2 Background and literature review 11 We can estimate the heating degree-day DDh using the following equation: ∑ = d Dm + �� ( θ −θ ) . (1.1) d = 1 F MD Sign + means that we can only take the positive values. Analogically, Eq. (1.2) is used to determine the cooling degree-day DDc. ∑ = d Dm + �� ( θ −θ ) . (1.2) d= 1 MD F Based on degree-day DDh it is possible to calculate the energy required for central heating systems. E � � where: q DD L h 24 , (1.3) ( θI −θ E ) ηhV f qL – design heat loss of the buildings, θI – internal air temperature of the house, θE – external air temperature (ambient), ηh – efficiency of the heating system, Vf – heating value of fuel. Modified Degree-Day method In order to reduce the inaccuracy of the DD procedure, an empirical correction factor CD (ASHRAE Systems Handbook, 1976) that is a function of outdoor design temperature, is introduced. � � � q DD C L h D 24 , (1.4) ( θI −θ E ) ηhV f where CD is a correction factor for the heating effect versus degree days.
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3.1 Building description 61 Outside
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3.1 Building description 63 In orde
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3.1 Building description 65 Fig. 3.
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3.1 Building description 67 Fig. 3.
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3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
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3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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