analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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3.5 Optimization of a solar domestic hot water system 92 Until: 18:00, 0.2, Until: 19:00, 0.5, Until: 20:00, 0.2, Until: 24:00, 0.0; The peak volumetric flow rate for water equipment use was set to: 0,000077m 3 /s for water outlets, 0.0001022 m 3 /s for showers, 0.0000786 m 3 /s for washing machines and 0.0000504 m 3 /s for dishwashers. The annual consumption equal to 416.11 m 3 was given. 3.5.4 Results of computational analysis In the EnergyPlus-System, the model of the solar collectors adapts the equations from the ASHRAE Standard 96-1980 (1989), ASHRAE Standard 93-1986 (1991) and Duffie and Beckman (1991) work. The calculations were performed for an annual operation of the DHW system and some of the more important results are presented in Table 3.13 and Table 3.14. Total Site Energy [kWh] Table 3.13: Site energy demand for heat up DHW. Energy Per Total Building Area [kWh/m 2 ] Energy Per Conditioned Building Area [kWh/m 2 ] 6430.36 2.73 2.83 Table 3.14: Comparison of energy and uses. Electricity [kWh] Purchased Heating [kWh] Water [m 3 ] Pumps 756.51 0.00 0.00 Water Systems 0.00 5673.85 416.11 Total End Uses 756.51 5673.85 416.11 The total site energy (in Table 3.13) can be defined as the sum of purchased fossil fuel, electricity, chilled water and steam (the overall energy use at the building site for all energy types and categories of use). Purchased heating (in Table 3.14) is defined as heating available from permanently installed heating units. The total energy demand for heating domestic water per building is equal to 17198.07 kWh/a. This value consists of an auxiliary source plus pumps energy (6430.36 kWh/a) and
3.5 Optimization of a solar domestic hot water system 93 a solar collectors system (10767.71 kWh/a). It gives only 2.73 kWh/m 2 energy per total building area. As we know, the solar collector heat transfer energy depends on its tilt angle. The heat transfer performance for ten angles is simulated: 0°, 25°, 35°, 40°, 45°, 50°, 55°, 60°, 75° and 90° for latitude in Hannover. The results of the calculations are presented in a graph form in Fig. 3.44 and Fig. 3.45. E abs [kWh/month] 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 January February March April May Fig. 3.44: Dependence of solar collector’s heat transfer energy on a collector tilt angle during each month. June July August September October November 0 25 35 40 45 50 55 60 75 90 December
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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
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than the inner air temperature. It
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4.1 SUMMARY .......................
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Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
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1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
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1.2 Background and literature revie
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Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
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Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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Page 99 and 100: 4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
Page 101 and 102: 4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104: 4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106: References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108: References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110: References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112: References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
Page 123 and 124: Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
Page 127 and 128: Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
Page 129 and 130: Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
Page 131 and 132: Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
Page 133 and 134: Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
Page 135 and 136: Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
Page 137 and 138: Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
Page 139 and 140: Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
Page 141 and 142: Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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