analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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1.2 Background and literature review 38 Mather, with co-workers (Mather, et al., 2002), investigated a SDHW system, shown in Fig. 1.16, with a multi-tank configuration and a total volume of water larger than 2000 l. The authors have proposed an arrangement of small tanks that are serially connected by immersed-coil heat exchangers. Experimental tests demonstrated a thermodynamically advantageous ‘thermal diode’ effect that the examined system can achieve. A model for a considered tank configuration based on a reversion-elimination algorithm of Marshall and Li (Marshall, et al., 1991) and Newton (Newton, et al., 1995) was developed. Experimental and analytical modelling proved to be an economical advantage of the thermal energy storage based on multi-tank systems over a single circulating tank system. The authors listed the reduction of installation and engineering costs as the main advantages of the developed configuration. solar collector cold fluid to collector Fig. 1.16: A schematic view of a multi-tank thermal storage system investigated by Mather at al. (2002). A control strategy of the solar domestic hot water system with a mantle exchanger manufactured in Switzerland was investigated by Prud'homme and Gillet (Prud'homme, et al., 2001). Three smaller electrical elements with different lengths as an auxiliary heater were used in the storage tank under consideration. A principle of a developed optimization algorithm is explained in Fig. 1.17. ESTIMATIONS Weather forcasts: - solar radiation, - ambient temperature. Users’ needs: - tapped water. tank 1 tank 2 tank 3 tank 4 hottest tank hot fluid to load MODEL-BASED OPTYMIZER heat load coldest tank OPTIMAL INPUTS Flow rate in the collector loop Power supplies of the auxiliary heaters Fig. 1.17: A scheme illustrating a control principle introduced by Prud'homme and Gillet (2001).
1.2 Background and literature review 39 The authors stated that an advanced control strategy (structural and control level), coupled with a considered storage tank, can lead to a significant increase in the solar fraction and a higher degree of comfort. However, an on/off control system can be more suitable from a computational point of view. 1.2.5 Summary of literature review The literature review shows that the impact of solar radiation on the thermal behavior of buildings is very complicated and still under investigation by scientists. The last decade has brought a large amount of research on particular aspects of this problem. But according to the author’s knowledge, there is still not a comprehensive study which includes the wide scope of the current dissertation research. According to bibliographic searches, one can say that using detailed analysis techniques, i.e. the energy simulation method, may certainly lead to an accurate estimation of the dependence of building performance on solar radiation. The newest simulation software includes: annual weather data-bases that contain solar radiation, wind speed and direction, humidity and air temperature. This option enables one to model weather conditions throughout the year as well as during a particular period with very short time steps. It is especially important due to the strong dependence of solar radiation on time. There are some works that have applied simplified methods, but these types of steady-state procedures only give approximate results that may be seen in preliminary studies. Therefore, in order to prove the thesis of this dissertation, it was decided to apply the detailed simulation method based on the dynamic heat balance of isothermal zones. As scientific literature shows, it is necessary to integrate balancing techniques with CFD algorithms to improve the accuracy of the calculation results. Mainly, this coupled method is recommended for analyzing large spaces and structures with more complicated ventilation air-paths. Considering a small volume of isothermal zones, the author has decided to not take the CFD analysis into account. In the current work, it is assumed that a single apartment is a base energy balance cell. Furthermore, the detailed simulation method was chosen, as recommended in the literature, as the best tool for the research of active solar domestic hot water, heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems. Simultaneous modelling of building thermal behavior and the operation of plant and HVAC systems was employed by the author in order to achieve simulation results with physical reality.
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 37: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
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Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
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3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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