analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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1.2 Background and literature review 30 The exergy concept and the use of a new feature of the visual programming with comfortable interfaces were mentioned as developments in the simulation of solar heating processes in the future. Kulkarni, with co-workers (Kulkarni, et al., 2007), presented a methodology in the design space approach for the synthesis, analysis and optimization of solar water heating systems. The design space in this concept is obtained by tracing constant solar fraction lines on a collector area versus the storage volume diagram. Results of the calculation showed that a minimum and maximum storage volume for a given solar fraction and an area of collector exists. Apart from that, it can be observed that a minimum and maximum collector area for a fixed solar fraction and storage volume exists. Benefits of the energy savings of the SDHW system were determined using the economical objective function based on annual life cycle costs. The methodology proposed by Kulkarni and co-workers can be used in many different solar thermal configurations, as well as in retrofit cases. Furbo and Shah (Furbo, et al., 2003) examined the influence of a glass cover with antireflection surfaces on the thermal performance of solar heating systems and the efficiency of solar panels. Two glass plates were compared. One of them was covered by an antireflection layer. Measurement of surface transmittances was performed for different incidence angles. The dependence of the incidence angle on the transmittance of the antireflection surfaces was increased by 5–9 %. The influences in increasing solar collector efficiency by 4–6 % are due to the antireflection. The yearly simulation of the thermal performance of solar systems revealed that the energy produced by a solar collector increased by about 12 % using antireflection surfaces, if the mean solar collector fluid temperature is 60°C. We can obtain a 20 % savings for fluid temperature equal to 100°C. A discharge process from different levels in solar storage tanks was investigated by Furbo (Furbo a, et al., 2005) (Furbo b, et al., 2005). They tested two identical small low-flow SDHW systems which contained standard mantle tanks. The difference between the tanks lay in that first one was equipped with a PEX pipe for hot water draw-off from the very top of the tank and the second had an additional PEX pipe placed in the middle of the device. Auxiliary energy sources were used as electric heating elements in both cases. The experiment was carried out during a 6-week-period with a draw-off temperature of 50°C and for 7 weeks with a draw-off temperature of 47°C. The Mantlsim model, which was developed at the Technical University of Denmark by Furbo and Knudsen (Furbo, et al., 2004), was used to analyze two low-flow storage systems. Simulations were carried out with the use of weather data from the Danish Test Reference Year. The findings of the study indicated that the best level of the second draw-off is in the middle of the tank and that the increase in the thermal performance by the second draw-off level is about 6 %. The application of the transparent insulation material (TIM) in minimizing top heat losses of solar water heaters was proposed by Chaurasia and Twidell (Chaurasia, et al., 2001). Two identical solar water heaters were tested in order to determine the role of transparent
1.2 Background and literature review 31 insulation. The TIM cover was placed on the absorbing surface of one unit to prevent heat losses during the night period. The insulation was made of polycarbonate material consisting of a honeycomb construction with a square section of 3 mm on 3 mm tubes and 100 mm long. The TIM glazing was found to be quite effective as compared to glass glazing SWH. Experiments showed water at higher temperatures of 8.5°C to 9.5°C by the next morning thanks to the use of transparent insulation materials. Also, it was found that the efficiency of solar storage water heaters was 39.8 % with TIM glazing compared to 15.1 % without this insulation. A method for determining the performance of solar water heating systems was developed by Yohanis and co-authors (Yohanis, et al., 2006). If the solar-heated rate is at a settemperature, this approach can be used to determine the number of days each month that solar heating alone satisfies the needs. The authors maintained that their method is easy to understand by users without knowledge of solar systems which is different from the solar fractions approach. The computer analysis tool TRNSYS was used to simulate a domesticscale solar hot water system (Fig. 1.9), which consisted of a solar collector, storage tank, auxiliary heater and controller. solar collector insulated storage tank controller Fig. 1.9: SDHW system, which was analyzed by Yohanis at al. (2006). Auxiliary heater ~ DHW supply cold water supply
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 29: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
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3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
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3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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