analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1.2 Background and literature review 32 In calculations, typical meteorological years (TMY) for Belfast (Northern Ireland) were applied. Finally, it was concluded that for a lower normalized number of days, solar fraction is less defined than for a higher number of days and high solar fraction does not necessarily mean that the storage tank water temperature reached a set temperature. Norton and Lo (Norton, et al., 2006) discussed technical developments in solar thermal applications. They presented the taxonomy of principle generic tracking and stationary solar thermal collectors. It is stated that a thermal characteristic of solar collectors can be seen, shown in Fig. 1.10, and that it is impossible to select the universally best solar panel. The authors quoted the following example “in low temperature applications in areas with high insulation, an unglazed collector with a plastic absorber resistant to ultra-violet radiation may be the optimal choice. On the other hand, under high insulation conditions, solar thermal electricity generation requires the use of evacuated tubes located at the focus of line-axis tracking parabolic reflectors; direct steam generation takes place in the absorber tube which is coated with a high temperature solar selective absorber”. ηSC SC 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0 Plastic absorber Air collector Plat plate collector Evacuated tube collector 0,00 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,10 0,12 0,14 0,16 0,18 0,20 (θ M -θ A )/G [Km 2 /W] Fig. 1.10: Hottel-Whillier-Bliss performance characteristic of low and medium temperature solar collectors. An alternative way to solve problems concerning the simulation of solar energy conversion systems is the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) technology. Kalogirou and co-workers (Kalogirou, et al., 1999) tested an ANN in order to evaluate the performance characteristics of solar domestic water heating systems. The ANN test database included 30 known cases varying from collector areas between 1.81 m 2 and 4.38 m 2 . Apart from that, open and closed systems, horizontal and vertical storage tanks, which operate in variety of weather conditions, were investigated. The energy extracted from the SDHW system and the rises in temperature in the storage tank were the results of calculations based on an ANN algorithm. The ANN method can be successfully used even
1.2 Background and literature review 33 in the simulation of completely unknown systems because the authors obtained predictions within 7.1 % and 9.7 %. The results of computer simulations of solar domestic hot water systems, based on the time marching model, were obtained by Bojic (Bojic, et al., 2002). The analyzed system, which was used for a typical Yugoslavian family, consisted of a flat-plate solar panel having an area of 3 m 2 , a storage tank (volume ranged from 60 l to 400 l), an auxiliary heater and a mixing device. A computer tool called TEMP was created which can be used to design and operate SDHW systems. Estimates showed, among other things, that when the volume of a storage tank is larger, the fraction of solar radiation is less sensitive to a variation in the operation parameters of the system. Furbo and co-workers (Furbo a, et al., 2005) investigated small systems in which domestic water may be heated by solar collectors or by an auxiliary electric heat source. Three different tanks (one traditional and two smart), shown in Fig. 1.11, were experimentally and theoretically examined in the same operating conditions. electric heating element to solar collector cold water hot water electric heating element from solar collector electric heating element to solar collector plastic pipe to solar collector cold water hot water Fig. 1.11: Three solar tanks investigated by Furbo at. al (2005). side arm from solar collector cold water hot water electric heating element from solar collector
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 31: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82: 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
Page 83 and 84:
3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 85 and 86:
3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
Page 101 and 102:
4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104:
4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106:
References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108:
References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110:
References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112:
References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
Page 129 and 130:
Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
Page 143 and 144:
Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
Page 149 and 150:
Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
show all

analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?