analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1.2 Background and literature review 22 cooling energy demand increases to between 10 % and 50 % depending on the thermal resistance of the wall. One of the factors that influence the building energy balance is ground reflectivity. Thevenard and Haddad (Thevenard, et al., 2006) developed two snow albedo models. The first simple approach can be operated together with a typical year and uses the monthly snow cover. The second advanced model assumes daily or hourly records of snow depth. Two objects were tested: a passive solar house located in a rural setting in Canada and a photovoltaic system in order to evaluate both models considered. ESP-r was used as a simulation tool. The authors indicated that the ground albedo value depends on the surface and may range from 0.07 to 0.6 in the absence of snow. For snow cover age, this value ranges from 0.2 to 0.7. The glazed openings percentage (GOP) may strongly affect a thermal comfort in the building. A dynamic thermal-circuit zone method to study a type of glazing and the area of fenestration influence on the maximum and minimum indoor air temperatures was used by Kontoleon and Bikas (Kontoleon, et al., 2002). The solution procedure assumed the combined heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation in the space for changing internal and external environmental behaviors. The simulation results showed that overheating is observed in buildings with double-glazing and interior insulation when the GOP exceeds 70 % during the winter season. For the summer period, overheating disappears if the glazed openings percentage is less than 60 % and exterior insulation is placed on the horizontal surfaces. Alvarez with co-workers (Alvarez, et al., 2005) tested the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) for commercial sheet glasses with the following solar control coatings: ZnS (40 nm) – CuS (150 nm) and ZnS (40 nm) – Bi2S3 (75 nm) – CuS (150 nm) at exterior temperatures of 15°C and 32°C. This work presented the thermal performance of the different types of laminated glazings as a function of indoor and outdoor convective heat transfer coefficients. A reduction in SHGC that depends on exterior conditions was changed from 12 % to 20 % for single glazing with SnO2-based transparent conductive oxide film. Double-glazing with vacuum or inert gas is characterized by low heat loss. This type of window with soft and hard emittance coatings was investigated by Fang (Fang, et al., 2007). A three-dimensional finite volume model was developed for obtaining vacuum glazing thermal performance. Experiments with the use of a guarded hot box calorimeter were carried out as well. It was found that vacuum glazing with a single low emittance has excellent performance. But the use of two low emittance coatings provides limited improvement.
1.2 Background and literature review 23 1.2.3 Influence of envelope features on energy consumption and potential savings Envelope features play an essential role in absorbing solar and internal gains. The storing of heat has a positive influence on less temperature fluctuations in living spaces and improves the quality of the thermal environment. Building structural elements, such as walls and floors, should be made with materials that have a high heat capacity and density in passive solar houses. Many complex problems are connected with the natural store of heat such as the location of thermal masses, wall configuration, insulation thickness, colour and structure of elevation. Moreover, it is necessary to estimate the optimal value of the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), which depends on climate factors, in passive heating design. The current part of the literature review is dedicated to highlighting these kinds of issues. Lindberg with colleagues (Lindberg, et al., 2004) presented the thermal performance of six different exterior walls which were determined based on a detailed experiment. The construction of the tested walls were as follows: polyurethane insulated wooden frame wall, insulated cavity brick wall, insulated log wall, plastered massive brick wall, autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block wall and log wall. The dimensions of each test building were as follows: width and length equal to 2.4 m and height equal to 2.6 m. A 1500 W electric radiator was used as a heat source. Measurements were very detailed and included: horizontal global solar radiation, wind speed and direction, infiltration, air tightness, relative humidity, inside-outside air temperatures and temperatures at various depths within each side of the exterior wall facades. The authors concluded that the thermal mass of the walls reduces temperature fluctuations and absorbs energy surpluses from solar and internal gains. As it turned out, the thermal performance of the AAC block wall is better than that of the massive brick wall. The results of the calculation showed that one steady-state method leads to an overestimate of the heating or cooling energy transfer through the building envelope by 40 %. A method to assess the cost-effectiveness of residential building exterior walls for cold climate conditions was proposed by Wang (Wang, et al., 2007). Among other things, the cost/benefit difference is calculated by comparing insulated exterior walls with typical for Chinese non-insulated solid clay brick exterior walls. An application of the proposed method was presented by the authors. A seven-storey residential building constructed with three types of different exterior walls and located in Northern China was chosen as the object of the cost-efficiency analysis. The calculation results indicated that the economical evaluation of the insulated exterior walls is a proper and easy way thanks to applying the proposed methodology. Future work on this project will include the integration of cooling aspects and other difficulties in construction and environmental impacts. Smeds and Wall (Smeds, et al., 2007) compared a multi-family apartment building and a single-family detached house, designed according to the Nordic Building Code, with high performance houses using the best available technology, which fulfills the target
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 21: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 73 and 74:
3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82:
36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
Page 83 and 84:
3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
Page 101 and 102:
4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104:
4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106:
References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108:
References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110:
References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112:
References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
Page 129 and 130:
Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
Page 143 and 144:
Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
Page 149 and 150:
Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
show all

analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?