analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1.2 Background and literature review 34 The experimental systems were supplied by 3 m 2 solar collectors and by horizontal and vertical electric heating elements. Investigations revealed that the thermal performance of SDHW systems based on smart solar tanks is 5 % – 35 % higher compared to traditional systems. An analysis of heat transfer in a vertical mantle tank, as illustrated in Fig. 1.12, was the main goal of the Shah, L.J. project (Shah, 2000). The main advantages of the mantle tank are a large heat transfer area and an effective fluid distribution over the tank wall. electric heating element tank solar collector Storage cold water supply DHW supply Fig. 1.12: Sketch of a solar domestic hot water system analyzed by Shah L.J. (2000), which is typical in Denmark and Holland. The CFD technique was used for the three-dimensional flow simulation in a mantle tank. The results of the calculations were validated by comparing the measurements and good agreement was reached. Based on the CFD simulations, Shah L.J. (Shah, 2000) introduced heat transfer correlations for the analyzed systems. Investigations of the SDHW systems are mainly based on energy balance. But there are not many works which utilize exergetic analysis. Gunerhan and Hepbasli (Gunerhan, et al., 2007) used the exergy approach to model a system, which consisted of a flat solar collector (2 m 2 aperture area), a storage tank as a heat exchanger and a circulation pump. A characteristic performance of the system was evaluated based on the measurements of mass flow rates, water temperatures, solar flux, wind velocity and ambient atmospheric pressure. The experiment was made at the Ege University (Turkey). Estimates indicated that the exergy efficiency varied in the following ranges: 2,02 % – 3,37 % for the solar panel, 10,0 % – 16,67 % for the circulation pump and 16 % – 51,72 % for the heat exchanger at a reference state fluid temperature equal to 32.77°C.
1.2 Background and literature review 35 Strategies (costs and feasibility) of solar energy conversion based on open loop, flat-plate solar collector systems were studied by Badescu (Badescu, 2008). The optimization problem was solved by using a direct shooting approach - trajectory optimization by mathematical programming (TOMP) developed by Kraft (Kraft, 1994). A registry-type, flat-plate solar collector and meteorological database for Bucharest were used in this study. Simulations were performed during a one-year operating period and good agreement was observed in calculations with the measurements available in literature. Estimates obtained for the considered system indicated that the maximum exergetic efficiency was usually less than 3 %. The next study of Badescu (Badescu, 2008) was also conducted to determine the optimal flow control in a closed loop flat plate solar collector, which cooperated with a water storage tank. The following design configurations were analyzed: a tank with one serpentine and a tank with two serpentines. In both cases, a fully mixed regime in the storage tanks was considered. In the present project, the author implemented an indirect optimal control technique based on Pontryagin’s maximum principle. As it turned out, the first considered system performed better than the second configuration. There is one limitation in the storage system with one serpentine. It should not operate during the winter period in regions with higher latitudes. Badescu (Badescu, 2008) stated that the optimal operation strategy consists of two jump steps up and two jump steps down between zero and the maximum rate of fluid flow in the primary circuit of the storage tank. Biaou and Bernier (Biaou, et al., 2008) carried out research in the various ways of domestic hot water production for two climate conditions: Montreal and Los Angeles. The following renewable energy sources were examined: � conventional electric hot water tank, � ground-source heat pump (GSHP) desuperheater (refrigerant-to-water heat exchanger) combined with a regular electric hot water tank, � SDHW system composed of flat plate solar collectors, an external heat exchanger, a solar water storage tank and a regular auxiliary electric water tank, two circulators and a temperature controller (Fig. 1.13), � heat pump water heater (HPWH) indirectly coupled to a space conditioning ground-source heat pump. Four alternative systems were applied in zero-net energy homes (ZNEH), consisting of a well-insulated two-storey 156 m 2 residence with an unheated half-basement.
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 33: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82: 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
Page 83 and 84: 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 85 and 86:
3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
Page 93 and 94:
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
Page 101 and 102:
4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104:
4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106:
References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108:
References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110:
References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112:
References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114:
Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
Page 115 and 116:
Page 117 and 118:
Page 119 and 120:
Page 121 and 122:
Page 123 and 124:
Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
Page 125 and 126:
Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
Page 127 and 128:
Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
Page 129 and 130:
Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
Page 131 and 132:
Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
Page 133 and 134:
Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
Page 135 and 136:
Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
Page 137 and 138:
Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
Page 139 and 140:
Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
Page 141 and 142:
Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
Page 143 and 144:
Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
Page 145 and 146:
Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
Page 147 and 148:
Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
Page 149 and 150:
Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
Page 151 and 152:
Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
Page 153 and 154:
Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
Page 155 and 156:
Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
Page 157 and 158:
Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
Page 159 and 160:
Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
Page 161 and 162:
Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
Page 163 and 164:
Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
Page 165 and 166:
Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
Page 167 and 168:
Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
Page 169 and 170:
Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
show all

analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?