analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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2.1 Building energy simulation software 44 θ Si – internal surface temperature, nz – number of adjacent zones, Gi & – mass flow rate of air transferred between zones, c p – air specific heat at constant pressure, θ zj – temperature of air inside adjacent zone, GINF & – mass flow rate of infiltrated air, θ – external air temperature, e GSUP & – mass flow rate of supply air, θ – temperature of supply air. SUP A finite difference approximation of the heat balance equation (2.1), after application of Euler’s formula provides the relation, is then implemented in the algorithm of the building energy simulation software. C Zi i= nl ∑ i= 1 t t θZi −θ Zi Δt q L, i i= i= nz t ⎛ + θZi⎜∑hiAi+ ∑G& ic ⎝ i= 1 i= 1 −δt ns i= ns t−δt ∑hiAiθSi + ∑ i= 1 i= 1 p + G& i= nz INF c p t−δt Zj + G& + G& c θ + G& c θ + G& c θ . SUP p SUP i p SUP c INF p ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ p � t−δt e (2.2) In EnergyPlus, the heat conduction through the walls is simulated by widely-used conduction transfer function (CTF) methods. On the account of linear relationships and the constant values of coefficients applied in this approach, the CPU time consumption can be greatly reduced. The basic form of a solution is shown by the conduction transfer function for indoor is described by Eq. (2.3) and Eq. (2.4) and suits outside heat flux. q′ ′ q′ ′ CONi CONe where: i= nz ∑ j= 1 i= nz i= nq t− jδ t t− jδ t− jδ + + ∑ + ∑Φ ′ Si Yeθ Se Yjθ Se jqSi j= 1 j= 1 t ( t) = −Z oθ Si − Z jθ , (2.3) i= nz ∑ j= 1 i= nz i= nq t− jδ t t− jδ t− jδ + + ∑ + ∑Φ ′ Si X eθ Se X jθ Se jqSe j= 1 j= 1 t ( t) = −Yoθ Si − Yjθ . (2.4) Xj, Yj, Zj – outside, cross and indoor CFT coefficients, Φ – flux CFT coefficient.
2.1 Building energy simulation software 45 The state space method is implemented in EnergyPlus for calculating conduction transfer functions under transient conditions. This technique uses a finite difference grid for building elements and eliminates the determination of nodal temperatures. Heat balance on the faces of external and internal zone surfaces (Fig. 2.4) is modeled in EnergyPlus by using three main components: free and forced convection, conduction and short- and longwave radiation. Fig. 2.4: Heat balance on inside and outside faces of the zone surfaces The following equation illustrates the heat exchange on an inside surface: � CON � q LWR, ex + qLWR, eq + qSWR, l + qSWR, si + qCONV , (2.5) where: qCON – conduction flux, qLWR,ex – longwave radiation flux between inside surfaces, qLWR,eq – longwave radiation flux from equipment, qSWR,l – shortwave radiation flux from lights, qSWR,si – solar radiation flux, qCONV – convection flux. The heat balance on the external side of building walls is calculated as follows: ′′ ′′ ′′ ′′ ′′ ′′ , (2.6) q CON = qSWR, se + qCONV + qLWR, gr + qLWR, sky + qLWR, air where: Longwave radiation - qLWR,e Convection - qCONV,e Shortwave radiation - qSWR,e ′′ – direct and indirect solar radiation flux, q SWR, se Conduction-qCON Longwave radiation - qLWR,i external environment internal environment Convection - qCONV,i Shortwave radiation - qSWR,i
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 43: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82: 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
Page 83 and 84: 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 91 and 92: 3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
Page 93 and 94: 3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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