analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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1.2 Background and literature review 12 Variable Base Degree-Day (VBDD) method The VBDD procedure first calculates the balance point temperature θB – Eq. (1.5) – that is the estimate for the whole building. Q g �� I UA − θ , (1.5) where: Qg – a solar and internal heat gain, U – an overall coefficient of heat loss, A – an area of building elements. Then the heating and cooling degree hours are calculated based on θB. This approach takes into account different building conditions and requires an hourly weather database. Eq. (1.6) is used to calculate degree-days for heating in month m and period t out of 24 hours. d Dm + �� ( θ −θ ) . (1.6) ∑ = d = 1 B, i MD Consistently, the energy required for heating the building can be calculated as follows: � � � where: i n ∑ i = =1 ( f ) 24 iUADDh η , h n – a number of operating periods, fi – a fraction of time for the period t. In a similar way, we can estimate the energy required for cooling the building. (1.7) d Dm + �� ( θ −θ ) . (1.8) ∑ = d = 1 MD B, i
1.2 Background and literature review 13 � � � i n ∑ i = =1 ( f ) 24 iUADDc η , c (1.9) Eq. (1.9) takes into account only heat transfers by conductance. Energy demands for ventilation and infiltration have to be calculated separately. Bin method and Bin modified method This method evolves from the VBDD procedure. It is used to calculate the annual building heating and cooling loads for a set of temperature samples called “bins”. The space-heating energy demand is determined based on the following relation: �� ∑ ( ) = i n UA NBIN, i θB, i −θMD, i η where: h i= 1 n – a number of bins, NBIN,i – a number of hours for i bin. + , (1.10) The Bin procedure is recommended for buildings where the magnitude of internal gains is dominated. The Bin modified method accounts for the impact of solar and wind effects on energy consumption and is useful for buildings which do not exceed 2,500 m 2 of floor area. DETAILED DYNAMIC SIMULATION METHODS The simulation models are detailed and satisfactorily accurate tools that can be very useful both for energy-efficient design and for the cost-effective retrofitting of buildings. The flow chart of computer software for the use in determining the thermal behavior of buildings is presented in Fig. 1.1.
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
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Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
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3.1 Building description 63 In orde
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3.1 Building description 65 Fig. 3.
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3.1 Building description 67 Fig. 3.
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3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
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3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
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3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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