analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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3.3 Estimation of thermal energy gain and loss through building fenestration 76 energy balance is positive for each storey. The difference between the first and the highest floor is equal to 31 % for balcony-windows and up to 66 % for windows. (Window Heat Gain Energy - Window Heat Loss Energy) per 1m2 of glazing system [kWh/m2 ] 30,00 25,00 20,00 15,00 10,00 5,00 0,00 Fig. 3.28: Dependence of solar gain and heat loss difference in the middle of each storey’s height. The dependence of the energy transfer Et on windows highest above ground level hs, shown in Fig. 3.27, we can approximate with a high level of accuracy using the following equations: • for the south-facing window: 2 Et = 0, 099hs − 0, 07hs + 8, 13, • for the south-facing balcony window: 2 Et = 0, 042hs − 0, 12hs + 13, 78. South‐Balcony window South‐Window Approximation 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Middle of the storey’s height [m] 3.3.3 Definition of an optimal value of window-to-wall ratio (3.2) (3.3) To summarize the above analysis, it should be noted that only south glazing systems provide heat gains for all locations in Germany. As mentioned before, east, west and most of all north façades’ contributions to energy consumption increase during a heating period. So, it is impossible to talk about the optimal value of window-to-wall ratios with a reference to these sides of the building. We can determine WWR only for the whole building with the additional investigation of each type of apartment (zones).
3.3 Estimation of thermal energy gain and loss through building fenestration 77 In the second step of the optimization procedure we should increase an area of the southfacing windows to the maximum value with respect to the building construction limits. Then, in the third step, the size of the other windows must be reduced and some windows must be removed. The starting point of this analysis should be to determine the value of a minimal window area based on natural lighting requirements. The ratio of the glazing elements area to the floor space for all living rooms is equal to 0.125 by German standards in Lower Saxony (DVNBauO, 2004). It is important to underline that the window dimensions are calculated in an unfinished state, i.e. without frames. The new value of the suitable glazing area Ag can be calculated by using the following equation: g f ( + r ) A = 0 , 125A 1 − , (3.4) where: g f Af – area of the floor, rg-f = 0,25 – frame to glass ratio for a window. The results of the optimization process are shown in Table 3.9 and Table 3.10, and the view of the new model is presented in Fig. 3.29. Fig. 3.29: The view of the complete house after the change of the glazing system. The new characteristic of the building envelope after the change in window size is shown in Table 3.9. As seen, the total glazing area is reduced by over 46 %. As it turned out, the
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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
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than the inner air temperature. It
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4.1 SUMMARY .......................
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Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
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1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
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1.2 Background and literature revie
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Page 25 and 26: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
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Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 73 and 74: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
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Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82: 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
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Page 91 and 92: 3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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Page 101 and 102: 4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104: 4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106: References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108: References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110: References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112: References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
Page 123 and 124: Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
Page 125 and 126: Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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