analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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3.3 Estimation of thermal energy gain and loss through building fenestration 70 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy gain and loss through building fenestration 3.3.1 Characterization of heat gain and loss through glazing The solar heat gain through glazing systems depends on many factors such as: • thermal and optical properties of glazing systems, • the current sun position in the sky, • degree of cloudiness, • external and internal shading devices, • shaded constructions attached to the building such as awnings and roof overhangs, • detached shading surfaces such as trees and other buildings, • window shading devices such as screens, shutters, curtains and blinds, • window facings. The first parameters, i.e. the thermal and optical properties of windows, are examined in great detail in the previous chapter. As mentioned before, the distribution of passive solar gain strongly depends upon the time of the day as well as the time of year. Graphs in Fig. 3.19 and Fig. 3.20 present the daily and monthly differences between gain and loss energy through 1m 2 of balcony windows facing south. Window Heat Gain and Loss Energy [kWh/m 2 ] 0,015 0,010 0,005 0,000 ‐0,005 ‐0,010 ‐0,015 ‐0,020 12/01 01:00 12/01 02:00 12/01 03:00 12/01 04:00 12/01 05:00 12/01 06:00 12/01 07:00 12/01 08:00 12/01 09:00 12/01 10:00 12/01 11:00 12/01 12:00 12/01 13:00 12/01 14:00 12/01 15:00 12/01 16:00 12/01 17:00 12/01 18:00 12/01 19:00 12/01 20:00 12/01 21:00 12/01 22:00 12/01 23:00 12/01 24:00 Window Heat Gain and Loss Energy [kWh/m 2 ] Fig. 3.19: Energy balance for the south window on the first day in December (left side of fig.) and on the first day in March (right side of fig.). 0,270 0,220 0,170 0,120 0,070 0,020 ‐0,030 03/01 01:00 03/01 02:00 03/01 03:00 03/01 04:00 03/01 05:00 03/01 06:00 03/01 07:00 03/01 08:00 03/01 09:00 03/01 10:00 03/01 11:00 03/01 12:00 03/01 13:00 03/01 14:00 03/01 15:00 03/01 16:00 03/01 17:00 03/01 18:00 03/01 19:00 03/01 20:00 03/01 21:00 03/01 22:00 03/01 23:00 03/01 24:00
3.3 Estimation of thermal energy gain and loss through building fenestration 71 Window Heat Gain and Loss Energy [kWh/m 2 ] 1,000 0,800 0,600 0,400 0,200 0,000 ‐0,200 ‐0,400 12/01 12/03 12/05 12/07 12/09 12/11 12/13 12/15 12/17 12/19 12/21 Fig. 3.20: Energy balance for the south window in December (left side of fig.) and in March (right side of fig.). From the above figures, it can clearly be seen that even a window with a view facing south has a negative balance of energy during December. Therefore it is necessary to analyze not only the entire building performance, but each façade separately and their influence on the total energy consumption. All shading surfaces, attached as well as detached to the building structure, are included within the energy simulation model in order to create the optimal physical reality. 3.3.2 Analysis of the energy balance for windows 12/23 12/25 12/27 12/29 12/31 Window Heat Gain and Loss Energy [kWh/m 2 ] This part of the dissertation focuses on the relationship between the space-heating energy consumption and the area of the glazing system. It was decided to change the window-towall ratio (WWR) for the whole building to ensure that the optimal value of WWR exists in the first order. The simulations were done for a heating period and the results are shown in Fig. 3.21. 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 0,800 0,600 0,400 0,200 0,000 ‐0,200 ‐0,400 03/01 03/03 03/05 03/07 03/09 03/11 03/13 03/15 03/17 03/19 03/21 03/23 03/25 03/27 03/29 03/31
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ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
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than the inner air temperature. It
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4.1 SUMMARY .......................
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Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
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1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
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1.2 Background and literature revie
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Page 19 and 20: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 73 and 74: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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Page 83 and 84: 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 91 and 92: 3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
Page 99 and 100: 4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
Page 101 and 102: 4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
Page 103 and 104: 4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
Page 105 and 106: References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
Page 107 and 108: References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
Page 109 and 110: References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
Page 111 and 112: References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
Page 113 and 114: Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 1 121 Fig. A1.9 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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