analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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1.2 Background and literature review 26 configurations of insulation levels and evaluation of the environmental impact. The EC501 computer code was used to determine the energy consumption for many configurations, which assumed climatic conditions, selected building characteristics and the insulation levels. The Lollini at al. study revealed that the better insulated buildings can strongly reduce the heating energy demand. Moreover, PBR is always shorter than 5 years for the tower building, and the payback rate is shorter than 8 years for the single-family house. Persson, with colleagues (Persson, et al., 2006), analyzed the influence of decreasing the window size facing south and increasing the window size facing north on the energy consumption of 20 terraced passive houses, which were built outside Gothenburg in Spring, 2001. DEROB-LTH software (DEROB-LTH, 2005) was used to simulate the energy demand dynamic conditions over a whole year. Calculations considered different orientations of buildings and window types. The findings of the simulation showed that it is possible to enlarge north window areas in order to obtain better conditions in natural lighting. There is also an optimal south window area, which is smaller than the designed size of the existing terraced passive houses. 1.2.4 Modelling and designing solar domestic hot water systems Solar radiation can be converted into thermal and electric energy. In the last two decades a large-scale development of solar domestic hot water systems has been observed, even in cold climates. These applications may provide between 40 % to 70 % annual DHW demand and even 100 % during summer months. A typical SDHW heater is made up of solar panels, storage tanks and supplemental heat sources. There are two alternative types of solar collectors for heating water. The most popular in Europe are flat plate panels which unfortunately have a low efficiency performance and high energy losses during winter. A typical conversion device is made up of metal or plastic casing, insulation, a glass or plastic cover and an absorber plate. The collector heats up a circulating fluid. Tube solar water heaters have a quite different structure. They are constructed of a series of annealed glass tubes with an integrated metal absorber plate. There is a vacuum between the inner and outer glass tubes. European Standard (EN12975-2, 2007) introduced a simple calculation method for the estimation of solar collector efficiency ηSC. The value of ηSC depends on six parameters and is defined by: ( ) 2 θ M −θ A θ M −θ A η � η 0 − a1 − a2 , (1.11) �� G G where: η0 – zero-loss collector efficiency (conversion factor),
1.2 Background and literature review 27 a1, a2 – thermal transmittance (loss) coefficients, G – solar irradiation, θM – collector mean temperature, θA – ambient air temperature. Consequently, the solar collector power PSC is obtained by the following relation: �� η SC AG , (1.12) where A is an area of the solar collector absorber. The value of solar radiation strongly depends on the time of day and the year. For this reason, it is necessary to use storage tanks and auxiliary heating units. Photothermal conversion of solar energy can be carried out as an active or a passive solution. The basic schemes of SDHW systems are presented in Fig. 1.4 – Fig. 1.7. solar collector Storage tank Fig. 1.4: Connection diagram of thermosyphon SDHW with two separate loops. DHW supply cold water
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 25: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 47 and 48: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
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3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
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3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
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36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
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3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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