analysis of the influences of solar radiation and façade glazing ...

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2.1 Building energy simulation software 46 4 4 ( θ ) q′′ = εσF −θ – longwave radiation flux exchanged with the ground, LWR, gr gr Se gr q′′ = εσF 4 4 θ −θ ε – surface emissivity, σ – Stefan-Boltzmann constant, – longwave radiation flux exchanged with the sky, ( Se ) 4 4 ( θ ) LWR, sky sky sky q′′ = εσF −θ – longwave radiation flux exchanged with the ambient air. LWR, air air Se air In EnergyPlus, solar gain through the transparent structure that depends on direct and indirect solar radiation is calculated by using the following equation: ⎛ A ⎞ SUN q′ ′ = ⎜ + + ⎟ SG α I BR cos θ I SDRFS −S IG FS −G , (2.7) ⎝ ASURF ⎠ where: α – solar absorption of the surface, IBR – intensity of beam radiation, θ – angle of incidence of the sun's rays ASUN – sunlit area, ASURF – area of the surface, ISDR – intensity of sky indirect radiation, FS-S – angle factor between the surface and the sky, IG – intensity of ground reflected diffuse radiation, – angle factor between the surface and the ground, FS-G 1+ cosφ (2.8) F S−S = , 2 1− cosφ (2.9) F S−G = , 2 φ – solar azimuth angle. The shadowing calculations are based on two procedures: The Groth and Lokmanhekim (Groth, et al., 1969) coordinate transformation method and the Walton (Walton, 1978) (Walton, 1983) shadow overlap method. These EnergyPlus procedures were adopted from BLAST and TARP software.
2.2 Experimental research methods 47 2.2 Experimental research methods 2.2.1 Experimental apparatus A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus and instrumentation is shown in Fig. 2.5. ~ 8 6 Fig. 2.5: Sketch of the experimental set-up. 4 7 5 The tested Poroton-T9 (1) is insulated with 15 cm polystyrene foam sheets and 5 cm mineral wool (2). An expanded chamber (3) is fitted tightly to the brick. This construction is connected with the axial fan (4) via plastic ducts. They are joined in a close-loop circuit. An electronic frequency controller (5), which operates the fan, is used to adjust the air flow rate. The circulating air is heated by an electrical resistance heater (6). A digital PID thermo-regulator (7) is used to control the air temperature with an accuracy of ± 0.3 K. A sensor of the temperature regulator is placed inside the expanded chamber (3). The volumetric rate of air flow is measured by the vane-anemometer (8), which is mounted inside the outlet duct. The temperature is measured by Pt100 resistance sensors and the results are recorded by a 20-channel data logger (9). Apart from that, the thermal anemometer is used to measure the air velocity inside the chamber and the temperature field on the external surface of the insulation is monitored by a calibrated infrared θin 3 θout 2 θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 1 9 θh θc
Page 1 and 2: ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCES OF SOLAR
Page 3 and 4: than the inner air temperature. It
Page 5 and 6: 4.1 SUMMARY .......................
Page 7 and 8: Subscripts σ - Stefan-Boltzmann co
Page 9 and 10: 1.1 Introduction 9 Another problem,
Page 11 and 12: 1.2 Background and literature revie
Page 41 and 42: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
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Page 45: 2.1 Building energy simulation soft
Page 49 and 50: 2.2 Experimental research methods 4
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Experimental research methods 5
Page 53 and 54: 3.1 Building description 53 Fig. 3.
Page 55 and 56: 3.1 Building description 55 All int
Page 57 and 58: 3.1 Building description 57 Case B5
Page 59 and 60: 3.1 Building description 59 Of cour
Page 61 and 62: 3.1 Building description 61 Outside
Page 63 and 64: 3.1 Building description 63 In orde
Page 69 and 70: 3.2 Selection of the optimal glazin
Page 71 and 72: 3.3 Estimation of thermal energy ga
Page 79 and 80: 3.4 Testing of a building indoor en
Page 81 and 82: 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 36 34
Page 83 and 84: 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00
Page 91 and 92: 3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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3.5 Optimization of a solar domesti
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4.1 Summary 99 4 Summary and conclu
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4.2 Comments and conclusions 101 So
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4.3 Future research 103 of the annu
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References 105 Beausoleil-Morrison,
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References 107 Hendron, R., et al.
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References 109 Rees, S. and Haves,
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References 111 Yohanis, Y.G., et al
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Appendix 1 113 Fig. A1.1 VASATI 2.0
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Appendix 2 123 !-Generator IDFEdito
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Appendix 2 125 0.035, !- Conductivi
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Appendix 2 127 , !- Zone Inside Con
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Appendix 2 129 Discrete; !- Numeric
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Appendix 2 131 Fraction, !- Schedul
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Appendix 2 133 Air Conditioner:Wind
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Appendix 2 135 , !- Sensible Heat F
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Appendix 2 137 281, !- Lighting Lev
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Appendix 2 139 OG2 InfilTRATION, !-
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Appendix 2 141 OG3, !- Zone Name 16
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Appendix 2 143 0.004, !- Zone Heati
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Appendix 2 145 Zone15WindACAirInlet
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Appendix 2 147 0, !- Maximum Flow R
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Appendix 2 149 Zone16WindACOAMixer,
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Appendix 2 151 Zone 9 Outlet Node;
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Appendix 2 153 Stand Alone ERV 16,
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Appendix 2 155 ZoneHVAC:WindowAirCo
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Appendix 2 157 ZoneHVAC:Baseboard:C
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Appendix 2 159 Zone Control Type Sc
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Appendix 2 161 WindACPLFFPLR, !- Pa
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Appendix 2 163 Stand Alone ERV Supp
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Appendix 2 165 0.03001, !- Maximum
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Appendix 2 167 0.81, !- Sensible Ef
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Appendix 2 169 !- == ALL OBJECTS IN
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