Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

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Name: Dr Greg McPherson Current Position: Director of the Center for Urban Forest Research, US Forest Service and Faculty Member of UC Davis, Department of Plant Sciences Role: UHI Technology and Strategy Specialist Telephone Number: +1 530 759 1723 E‐mail: gmcpherson@fs.fed.us Dr Greg McPherson is the Center Director for Urban Forest Research at the US Forest Service. In addition to Dr McPherson leadership responsibilities, he conducts research that measures and models the benefits and costs of urban forests. He teaches urban forestry courses at UC Davis and is a faculty member of the Graduate Group in Geography and the Horticulture Graduate Group. He received a Bachelorʹs of General Studies from the University of Michigan in 1975, a Masterʹs degree in Landscape Architecture from Utah State University in 1981, and a Ph.D. in Forestry from the SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry at Syracuse in 1986. After completing his Ph.D., Dr McPherson was an Assistant and Associate Professor at the University of Arizonaʹs School of Renewable Resources for six years. He then joined the Forest Service as the lead scientist on the Chicago Urban Forest Climate Project in 1991. Dr McPherson has been at the Center since 1993. Name: Tim Oke Current Position: Professor in the Department of Geography and Member, Atmospheric Science Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver Role: UHI Phenomenon Expert Telephone Number: +1 604 822 2900 E‐mail: toke@geog.ubc.ca Professor Tim Oke is a recognized leader in the study of microclimates and is the foremost authority on urban climates. His research focuses on seeking to understand the way humans alter climates through urban development. Specifically, exchanges of heat, moisture, pollutants and Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 135
momentum in cities are measured and their effects on temperature, humidity, winds, and other climate factors are assessed. This leads him, for example, to assess the way the cumulative effect of every new building, road and garden creates the heat island effect of whole cities. Since 1978, he has been a Professor of Geography at the University of British Columbia. Professor Oke was the founder and chair of the U.B.C. Atmospheric Science Programme. From 1991 to 1996, he was the Head of the Department of Geography. In 2002, he received the American Meteorological Societyʹs Award for Outstanding Achievement in Biometeorology in recognition of his contributions to the teaching, theory and applications of knowledge on the interaction between atmosphere and biological systems. Professor Oke also serves as a meteorological consultant on legal cases, appeals to boards and environmental matters, and as an advisor to government organizations and business. Name: Sue Grimmond Current Position: Professor at King’s College London, Social Science and Public Policy – Geography Department Role: UHI Phenomenon Expert Telephone Number: +44 (0) 207 848 2275 E‐mail: sue.grimmond@kcl.ac.uk Professor Sue Grimmond is an urban climatologist who studies the bio‐physical processes involved in the generation of urban climates through the measurement and modeling of surface‐ atmosphere exchanges of heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide) and momentum at a range of spatial and temporal scales (individual urban canyons, to neighborhoods, to entire cities). Professor Grimmond originally conducted her MSc and PhD under Professor Oke and is now a full professor at King’s College London. She previously held the post of President of the International Association of Urban Climate (IAUC) and Lead Expert for the WMO on Urban and Building Climatology. She is the 2009 recipient of the Helmut E Landsberg Award from the American Meteorological Society ʹfor numerous important contributions that have greatly advanced urban meteorology and urban climate sciences, and for sustained and effective leadership that has energized the urban climate research community’. Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 136
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Assessment of International Urban H
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Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
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List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic
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ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
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xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
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The mitigation technologies were fo
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a forward path; provides an economi
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2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
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workday effect and weekends. Studie
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Some UHI impacts are positive such
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correlation with vehicles and traff
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2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
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temperature and climate, thus chang
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3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATIO
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The following papers use a number o
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Another study in Japan simulated ai
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This paper applied a model to calcu
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3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
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A study in France sought to find ou
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Traffic flow was calculated using c
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Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
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These studies were founded primaril
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(humidification and heat sink insta
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emissions and the tree topology rel
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At a City scale one study focuses o
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This section reports the findings f
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Recent steps taken in cities in the
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� Most US States encourage tree p
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o 29 German cities offer subsidies
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4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
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the global emitted CO2 offset poten
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standards to promote the cool roofs
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The expected savings generated in c
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� The degree to which the change
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enefits are complex to measure dire
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controls of the active cooling/heat
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temperature increases due to paveme
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curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
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location, orientation, growth/morta
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seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
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the summer than the winter, thus ra
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A study in Japan tested the effect
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One US study written in 1998 seeks
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This section reports the findings f
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planning approach. Medium resolutio
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Urban design and planning is a comp
Page 95 and 96: 5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
Page 97 and 98: � Implementation Issues: The esti
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Page 103 and 104: � Preparation: Substantial prepar
Page 105 and 106: 5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
Page 107 and 108: 5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
Page 109 and 110: 5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
Page 111 and 112: technology, it evaluates the availa
Page 113 and 114: Availability: the level and type of
Page 115 and 116: integration would make them accepta
Page 117 and 118: Awareness: Planners and designers w
Page 119 and 120: would seek to incentivize UHI count
Page 121 and 122: homeowner for example to choose whe
Page 123 and 124: Planning issues for new builds, the
Page 125 and 126: 5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
Page 127 and 128: � Political will - The government
Page 129 and 130: not to create dedicated policy vehi
Page 131 and 132: � When developing costing analyse
Page 133 and 134: 7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
Page 135 and 136: an understanding of planning policy
Page 137 and 138: Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 139 and 140: Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 141 and 142: sustainable architecture. He is an
Page 143 and 144: energy buildings, natural and mixed
Page 145: Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
Page 149 and 150: Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
Page 151 and 152: Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
Page 153 and 154: Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
Page 155 and 156: State University. He is former Pres
Page 157 and 158: Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
Page 159 and 160: planners/designers are equipped wit
Page 161 and 162: Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
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