Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

Recommendations

Info

vi Bibliographic Report and Study of Urban Heat Island Countermeasures uMM5 ............................................................. Meso‐urban Meteorological Simulations MRT .................................................................................. Mean Radiation Temperature NO2 ......................................................................................................... Nitrogen Dioxide NOx ............................................................................................................ Nitrogen Oxide O3 ............................................................................................................................... Ozone PM ......................................................................................................... Particulate Matter PPB ............................................................................................................. Part Per Billion SET................................................................................ Standard Effective Temperature SMUD ................................................................ Sacramento Municipal Utility District SO2 ........................................................................................................... Sulphur Dioxide SRP .................................................................................................. Solar Reflective Paint SVF ........................................................................................................... Sky View Factor SVR ............................................................................................................ Sky View Ratio TAPM ................................................................................................ Air Pollution Model UAM‐V ........................................................................................ Urban Air Shed Model UHI ....................................................................................................... Urban Heat Island UHII .................................................................................... Urban Heat Island Intensity UN ............................................................................................................. United Nations USDA .................................................................... United States Development Agency USGBC ............................................................. United States Green Buildings Council Wm ‐2 ........................................................................................... Watts per square meter Useful Conversions 1 Gt = 1 billion tonnes 1 GWh = 1 billion watt hours 1 MJ = 1 million joules 1 TWh = 1 billion (109) kWh 1000 TWh electricity = 3.412 quads delivered electricity 1 quad delivered electricity = 3.211 quads primary energy
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic Report and Study of Urban Heat Island Countermeasures EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3 2 EVIDENCE OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ............................................................. 5 2.1 Causal Factors ..................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Population Size/Density ........................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Land/Building Material Thermal & Radiative Properties ................................................ 6 2.1.3 Anthropogenic Heat Sources ............................................................................................... 7 2.1.4 Geometric Effects of Urban Design and Sky View Factor ................................................ 8 2.2 Measured Impacts .............................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Temperature Increase .......................................................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2.3 Energy Use ............................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.4 Peak Power ........................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.5 CO2 Emissions ...................................................................................................................... 14 2.2.6 Health Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 15 2.2.7 Economic Impacts ................................................................................................................ 16 3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATION OF UHI ................................ 18 3.1.1 Temperatures ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.1.2 Air quality & CO2 emissions .............................................................................................. 20 3.1.3 Energy Use and Peak Power Demand .............................................................................. 21 3.1.4 Surface Albedo ..................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.5 Green Roofs and Urban Green Areas ................................................................................ 23 3.1.6 Urban form/planning .......................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Simulations of UHI .......................................................................................... 26 3.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 26 3.2.2 Simulations of Temperature Impacts ................................................................................ 26 3.2.3 Simulations of Air Quality & CO2 Emissions Impacts .................................................... 27 3.2.4 Simulations of Energy Use & Peak Power Impacts......................................................... 28 3.2.5 Simulations of mitigation impacts ..................................................................................... 29 4 MITIGATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ....................................................... 31
Page 1 and 2: Assessment of International Urban H
Page 3 and 4: Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
Page 5: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 9 and 10: ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 11 and 12: xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 13 and 14: The mitigation technologies were fo
Page 15 and 16: a forward path; provides an economi
Page 17 and 18: 2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
Page 19 and 20: workday effect and weekends. Studie
Page 21 and 22: Some UHI impacts are positive such
Page 23 and 24: correlation with vehicles and traff
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
Page 27 and 28: temperature and climate, thus chang
Page 29 and 30: 3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATIO
Page 31 and 32: The following papers use a number o
Page 33 and 34: Another study in Japan simulated ai
Page 35 and 36: This paper applied a model to calcu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
Page 39 and 40: A study in France sought to find ou
Page 41 and 42: Traffic flow was calculated using c
Page 43 and 44: Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
Page 45 and 46: These studies were founded primaril
Page 47 and 48: (humidification and heat sink insta
Page 49 and 50: emissions and the tree topology rel
Page 51 and 52: At a City scale one study focuses o
Page 53 and 54: This section reports the findings f
Page 55 and 56: Recent steps taken in cities in the
Page 57 and 58:
� Most US States encourage tree p
Page 59 and 60:
o 29 German cities offer subsidies
Page 61 and 62:
4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
Page 63 and 64:
the global emitted CO2 offset poten
Page 65 and 66:
standards to promote the cool roofs
Page 67 and 68:
The expected savings generated in c
Page 69 and 70:
� The degree to which the change
Page 71 and 72:
enefits are complex to measure dire
Page 73 and 74:
controls of the active cooling/heat
Page 75 and 76:
temperature increases due to paveme
Page 77 and 78:
curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
Page 79 and 80:
location, orientation, growth/morta
Page 81 and 82:
seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
Page 83 and 84:
the summer than the winter, thus ra
Page 85 and 86:
A study in Japan tested the effect
Page 87 and 88:
One US study written in 1998 seeks
Page 89 and 90:
This section reports the findings f
Page 91 and 92:
planning approach. Medium resolutio
Page 93 and 94:
Urban design and planning is a comp
Page 95 and 96:
5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
Page 97 and 98:
� Implementation Issues: The esti
Page 99 and 100:
savings are used over solutions tha
Page 101 and 102:
� 10.5 MtCO2 emissions per year f
Page 103 and 104:
� Preparation: Substantial prepar
Page 105 and 106:
5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
Page 107 and 108:
5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
Page 109 and 110:
5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
Page 111 and 112:
technology, it evaluates the availa
Page 113 and 114:
Availability: the level and type of
Page 115 and 116:
integration would make them accepta
Page 117 and 118:
Awareness: Planners and designers w
Page 119 and 120:
would seek to incentivize UHI count
Page 121 and 122:
homeowner for example to choose whe
Page 123 and 124:
Planning issues for new builds, the
Page 125 and 126:
5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
Page 127 and 128:
� Political will - The government
Page 129 and 130:
not to create dedicated policy vehi
Page 131 and 132:
� When developing costing analyse
Page 133 and 134:
7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
Page 135 and 136:
an understanding of planning policy
Page 137 and 138:
Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 139 and 140:
Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 141 and 142:
sustainable architecture. He is an
Page 143 and 144:
energy buildings, natural and mixed
Page 145 and 146:
Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
Page 147 and 148:
momentum in cities are measured and
Page 149 and 150:
Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
Page 151 and 152:
Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
Page 153 and 154:
Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
Page 155 and 156:
State University. He is former Pres
Page 157 and 158:
Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
Page 159 and 160:
planners/designers are equipped wit
Page 161 and 162:
Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
show all

Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?