Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

The frequency of these events results in rising insurance premiums. Data from the insurance
industry shows that the losses incurred by weather related catastrophes increased by 2% a year
since the 1970s [172].
In Phoenix, Arizona the urban heat island effect is reported to have increased average daily
temperatures by 3.1°c and nighttime minimum temperatures by 5°c. They have reported impacts
on plants experiencing heat stress, Phoenix’s crop of cotton on the city fringes has reduced in
quality and quantity and they have reported increasing quantities of arthropods (agricultural
pests and carriers of vector borne disease). Dairy cows also experience heat stress which has a
negative effect on their milk production, up to 16% less in farms with the closest proximity to
urban areas compared to rural [173].
Another industry which may come under threat is the tourism industry, as tourists will be less
attracted to areas associated with extreme heat [056].
Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies
Page 17