Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

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The frequency of these events results in rising insurance premiums. Data from the insurance industry shows that the losses incurred by weather related catastrophes increased by 2% a year since the 1970s [172]. In Phoenix, Arizona the urban heat island effect is reported to have increased average daily temperatures by 3.1°c and nighttime minimum temperatures by 5°c. They have reported impacts on plants experiencing heat stress, Phoenix’s crop of cotton on the city fringes has reduced in quality and quantity and they have reported increasing quantities of arthropods (agricultural pests and carriers of vector borne disease). Dairy cows also experience heat stress which has a negative effect on their milk production, up to 16% less in farms with the closest proximity to urban areas compared to rural [173]. Another industry which may come under threat is the tourism industry, as tourists will be less attracted to areas associated with extreme heat [056]. Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 17
3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATION OF UHI Modeling and simulation are used in every part of science and act as a substitute to what is actually being studied. Models have many different functions and can be scaled‐up and scaled‐ down, they can consist of a series of equations or computer code and can vary in terms of their complexity, design, and type. They are very useful as a way of predicting outcomes which is why they are so important in the UHI arena, models in this section are used to describe the impact of UHI on temperature, air quality etc or they are used to describe a UHI mitigation strategy’s impact on temperature, air quality etc. For the non scientific community models are often regarded as being overly complicated and difficult to interpret or translate and often, and particularly in terms of UHI studies, modeling studies and their results are not always adopted by the likes of planners for this reason. Models also come under scrutiny relating to their accuracy and representation of reality, so it is important to understand that models can only be as accurate as the current understanding of the scientific area they are used in. This section provides an insight into the modeling and simulation tools which are used to evaluate the urban heat island phenomena and mitigation technologies/strategies. The models are classified by what they simulate: temperature; air quality; energy consumption; and mitigation strategies (surface albedo, green roofs and urban green areas, and urban form & planning). The table below summarizes the literature reviewed by: model description; origin of the study; and climate types considered. Model design/Methodology To estimate UHI impacts: Number of References Continent Considered Temperatures 3 Asia, North America Air quality & CO2 emissions 7 North America, Asia, Europe Energy/Power Demand 5 Asia, North America To estimate UHI mitigation options: Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Climate Types Considered List of references Arid, Warm temperate Arid, Warm temperate Warm temperate, Snow, Polar 065, 049, 142 013, 141, 139, 014, 049, 051, 050 062, 154, 031, 022, 033 Surface Albedo 4 North America Arid 079, 064, 142, 015 Green Roofs and Urban Green Areas 5 North America, Asia Arid, Snow 013, 041, 109, 063, 055 Page 18
Page 1 and 2: Assessment of International Urban H
Page 3 and 4: Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
Page 5 and 6: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic
Page 9 and 10: ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 11 and 12: xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 13 and 14: The mitigation technologies were fo
Page 15 and 16: a forward path; provides an economi
Page 17 and 18: 2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
Page 19 and 20: workday effect and weekends. Studie
Page 21 and 22: Some UHI impacts are positive such
Page 23 and 24: correlation with vehicles and traff
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
Page 27: temperature and climate, thus chang
Page 31 and 32: The following papers use a number o
Page 33 and 34: Another study in Japan simulated ai
Page 35 and 36: This paper applied a model to calcu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
Page 39 and 40: A study in France sought to find ou
Page 41 and 42: Traffic flow was calculated using c
Page 43 and 44: Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
Page 45 and 46: These studies were founded primaril
Page 47 and 48: (humidification and heat sink insta
Page 49 and 50: emissions and the tree topology rel
Page 51 and 52: At a City scale one study focuses o
Page 53 and 54: This section reports the findings f
Page 55 and 56: Recent steps taken in cities in the
Page 57 and 58: � Most US States encourage tree p
Page 59 and 60: o 29 German cities offer subsidies
Page 61 and 62: 4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
Page 63 and 64: the global emitted CO2 offset poten
Page 65 and 66: standards to promote the cool roofs
Page 67 and 68: The expected savings generated in c
Page 69 and 70: � The degree to which the change
Page 71 and 72: enefits are complex to measure dire
Page 73 and 74: controls of the active cooling/heat
Page 75 and 76: temperature increases due to paveme
Page 77 and 78: curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
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location, orientation, growth/morta
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seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
Page 83 and 84:
the summer than the winter, thus ra
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A study in Japan tested the effect
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One US study written in 1998 seeks
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This section reports the findings f
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planning approach. Medium resolutio
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Urban design and planning is a comp
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5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
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� Implementation Issues: The esti
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savings are used over solutions tha
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� 10.5 MtCO2 emissions per year f
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� Preparation: Substantial prepar
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5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
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5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
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5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
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technology, it evaluates the availa
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Availability: the level and type of
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integration would make them accepta
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Awareness: Planners and designers w
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would seek to incentivize UHI count
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homeowner for example to choose whe
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Planning issues for new builds, the
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5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
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� Political will - The government
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not to create dedicated policy vehi
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� When developing costing analyse
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7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
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an understanding of planning policy
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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sustainable architecture. He is an
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energy buildings, natural and mixed
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Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
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momentum in cities are measured and
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Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
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Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
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Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
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State University. He is former Pres
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Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
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planners/designers are equipped wit
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Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
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