Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

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offer financial incentives for their installation [197]. Cities in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Japan have by‐laws which mandate green roofs on all new residential buildings [198]. Germany has the most formal arrangement incorporating green roofs into building codes and nature conservation acts, direct and indirect financial incentives and ecological compensation measures [212]. Little formal policy exists for urban green areas in terms of its inclusion in building codes and such, however tree planting schemes are run by Government departments, non‐Government and private sector companies through incentivization and subsidization. In addition, protective legislation exists to prevent trees and parks being removed through conservation orders, tree protection orders and green belts. The papers highlight the following Building Energy Codes, Green Building Programs and Utility Rebate/ Credit and Incentive Schemes for each mitigation measure in regions outside North America: Building Energy Codes and Green Building Programs for Cool Roofs in Rest of World � Cool roof codes and standards have also be introduced in China; India (Building Energy Standards), Brazil ‐ One Degree Less, Australia, Taiwan and the Middle East although little evidence is available to discuss these codes further [201]; and � The European Union’s Intelligent Energy Programme is sponsoring the Cool Roof project. The project’s aims are to investigate how to create or amend current policy to include cool roof technology as no policy currently exists [215]. Policy and Building Codes for Green Roofs and Urban Green Areas in Rest of World � In London, UK the Mayor of London has included a Living Roofs and Walls Technical Report in the London Plan which all London Authorities must be in conformity with [214]; � Tokyo, Japan, require greening on at least 20% of the roof on all new buildings over a certain size [214]; � Toronto has initiated a green roof policy and implementation program requiring 50% of roofs to be green on all new large project buildings [214]; � Switzerland, building regulations state that green roofs must be installed for all new and renovated flat roofed buildings, this has been federal law since the late 1990s [214]; and � Germany use the following to provide a framework for green roof policy: the Federal Building Code; the Federal Nature Conservation Act; the Environmental Impacts Assessment Act, the Land‐Use Regulation; and the Wastewater Charges Act [212]. Utility Rebate/ Credit /Grant and Incentive Schemes for Green Roofs and Urban Green Areas in Rest of World � Germany, over 80 cities offer incentives to building owners utilizing green roofs. o Munster in Germany offers an 80% reduction in storm water drainage fees if homeowners install a green roof on their property. 12 other cities in Germany offer similar reductions. Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 47
o 29 German cities offer subsidies to developers using green roofs [214]. � On a global scale the United Nations launched the Plant for the Planet: Billion Tree Campaign with the aim of planting 1 billion trees a year through online pledges for individuals and businesses [216]. Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 48
Page 1 and 2:
Assessment of International Urban H
Page 3 and 4:
Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
Page 5 and 6:
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic
Page 9 and 10: ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 11 and 12: xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 13 and 14: The mitigation technologies were fo
Page 15 and 16: a forward path; provides an economi
Page 17 and 18: 2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
Page 19 and 20: workday effect and weekends. Studie
Page 21 and 22: Some UHI impacts are positive such
Page 23 and 24: correlation with vehicles and traff
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
Page 27 and 28: temperature and climate, thus chang
Page 29 and 30: 3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATIO
Page 31 and 32: The following papers use a number o
Page 33 and 34: Another study in Japan simulated ai
Page 35 and 36: This paper applied a model to calcu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
Page 39 and 40: A study in France sought to find ou
Page 41 and 42: Traffic flow was calculated using c
Page 43 and 44: Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
Page 45 and 46: These studies were founded primaril
Page 47 and 48: (humidification and heat sink insta
Page 49 and 50: emissions and the tree topology rel
Page 51 and 52: At a City scale one study focuses o
Page 53 and 54: This section reports the findings f
Page 55 and 56: Recent steps taken in cities in the
Page 57: � Most US States encourage tree p
Page 61 and 62: 4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
Page 63 and 64: the global emitted CO2 offset poten
Page 65 and 66: standards to promote the cool roofs
Page 67 and 68: The expected savings generated in c
Page 69 and 70: � The degree to which the change
Page 71 and 72: enefits are complex to measure dire
Page 73 and 74: controls of the active cooling/heat
Page 75 and 76: temperature increases due to paveme
Page 77 and 78: curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
Page 79 and 80: location, orientation, growth/morta
Page 81 and 82: seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
Page 83 and 84: the summer than the winter, thus ra
Page 85 and 86: A study in Japan tested the effect
Page 87 and 88: One US study written in 1998 seeks
Page 89 and 90: This section reports the findings f
Page 91 and 92: planning approach. Medium resolutio
Page 93 and 94: Urban design and planning is a comp
Page 95 and 96: 5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
Page 97 and 98: � Implementation Issues: The esti
Page 99 and 100: savings are used over solutions tha
Page 101 and 102: � 10.5 MtCO2 emissions per year f
Page 103 and 104: � Preparation: Substantial prepar
Page 105 and 106: 5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
Page 107 and 108: 5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
Page 109 and 110:
5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
Page 111 and 112:
technology, it evaluates the availa
Page 113 and 114:
Availability: the level and type of
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integration would make them accepta
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Awareness: Planners and designers w
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would seek to incentivize UHI count
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homeowner for example to choose whe
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Planning issues for new builds, the
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5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
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� Political will - The government
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not to create dedicated policy vehi
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� When developing costing analyse
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7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
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an understanding of planning policy
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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sustainable architecture. He is an
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energy buildings, natural and mixed
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Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
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momentum in cities are measured and
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Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
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Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
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Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
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State University. He is former Pres
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Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
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planners/designers are equipped wit
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Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
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