Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

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Acknowledgments iv Bibliographic Report and Study of Urban Heat Island Countermeasures The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable support, guidance and input provided by others in the preparation of this report. Marc Lafrance of the U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Program provided day‐to‐day oversight of this assignment, helping to shape the approach, execution and documentation. We would also like to acknowledge Alex Nickson, Chris Scruton, David Sailor, Edward Ng, Eleanor Young, Haider Taha, Hashem Akbari, Marla Mueller, Mat Santamouris, Paul Berdahl, and Shirley Rodrigues who provided valuable input to the study.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations v Bibliographic Report and Study of Urban Heat Island Countermeasures A/C ........................................................................................................... Air Conditioner ACEEE .................................... American Council for an Energy Efficiency Economy AHS ....................................................................................... American Housing Survey ASHRAE ....... American Society of Heating, Refrigerating & Air‐Conditioning Engineers BEM ............................................................................. Building Energy Analysis Model BT ......................................................................... DOE Building Technologies Program C ................................................................................................................................ Celsius CAMx .......................................... Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions CFD ................................................................................. Computational Flow Diagram CM .................................................................................................. Urban Canopy Model CO ......................................................................................................... Carbon Monoxide CO2 ........................................................................................................... Carbon Dioxide CRRC ..................................................................................... Cool Roofs Rating Council DCS ............................................................................................. District Cooling System DOE ............................................................................................... Department of Energy EPA ............................................................................... Environment Protection Agency EU ............................................................................................................ European Union g/kg .................................................................................................... Grams per kilogram GA ...................................................................................................... Genetic Algorithms GCM ...................................................................................... General Circulation Model GHG ....................................................................................................... Green House Gas GIS ................................................................................ Geographic Information System GLA ........................................................................................ Greater London Authority GPS ......................................................................................... Global Positioning System Gt ........................................................................................................................ Gigatonne GW ...................................................................................................................... Giga Watt GWh ......................................................................................................... Gigawatt Hours IECC .............................................................. International Energy Conservation Code K ................................................................................................................................. Kelvin L/day ............................................................................................................ Liters per day LANDSAT .............................................. Data from earth observing satellite program LBNL .............................................................. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory LEED .............................................. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LES ................................................................................................ Large‐eddy Simulation LUMPS ........................ Local Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme MS ‐1 ....................................................................................................... Meters per second MJ ...................................................................................................................... Mega Joule MM5 ........................................................................... Mesoscale Meteorological Model
Page 1 and 2: Assessment of International Urban H
Page 3: Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic
Page 9 and 10: ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 11 and 12: xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 13 and 14: The mitigation technologies were fo
Page 15 and 16: a forward path; provides an economi
Page 17 and 18: 2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
Page 19 and 20: workday effect and weekends. Studie
Page 21 and 22: Some UHI impacts are positive such
Page 23 and 24: correlation with vehicles and traff
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
Page 27 and 28: temperature and climate, thus chang
Page 29 and 30: 3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATIO
Page 31 and 32: The following papers use a number o
Page 33 and 34: Another study in Japan simulated ai
Page 35 and 36: This paper applied a model to calcu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
Page 39 and 40: A study in France sought to find ou
Page 41 and 42: Traffic flow was calculated using c
Page 43 and 44: Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
Page 45 and 46: These studies were founded primaril
Page 47 and 48: (humidification and heat sink insta
Page 49 and 50: emissions and the tree topology rel
Page 51 and 52: At a City scale one study focuses o
Page 53 and 54: This section reports the findings f
Page 55 and 56:
Recent steps taken in cities in the
Page 57 and 58:
� Most US States encourage tree p
Page 59 and 60:
o 29 German cities offer subsidies
Page 61 and 62:
4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
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the global emitted CO2 offset poten
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standards to promote the cool roofs
Page 67 and 68:
The expected savings generated in c
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� The degree to which the change
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enefits are complex to measure dire
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controls of the active cooling/heat
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temperature increases due to paveme
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curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
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location, orientation, growth/morta
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seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
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the summer than the winter, thus ra
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A study in Japan tested the effect
Page 87 and 88:
One US study written in 1998 seeks
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This section reports the findings f
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planning approach. Medium resolutio
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Urban design and planning is a comp
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5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
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� Implementation Issues: The esti
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savings are used over solutions tha
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� 10.5 MtCO2 emissions per year f
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� Preparation: Substantial prepar
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5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
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5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
Page 109 and 110:
5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
Page 111 and 112:
technology, it evaluates the availa
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Availability: the level and type of
Page 115 and 116:
integration would make them accepta
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Awareness: Planners and designers w
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would seek to incentivize UHI count
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homeowner for example to choose whe
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Planning issues for new builds, the
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5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
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� Political will - The government
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not to create dedicated policy vehi
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� When developing costing analyse
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7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
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an understanding of planning policy
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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Role Name Institution Country of Or
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sustainable architecture. He is an
Page 143 and 144:
energy buildings, natural and mixed
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Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
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momentum in cities are measured and
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Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
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Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
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Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
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State University. He is former Pres
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Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
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planners/designers are equipped wit
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Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
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