Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

Recommendations

Info

Urban form/planning 3 North America, Australia, Asia Arid, Warm temperate Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies 056, 054, 085, 224 The more typical models used in this area of research are described below. Some overlap exists in terms of the scales of the models. Meteorological/Atmospheric Models (Primarily concerned with weather processes) Mesoscale Meteorological Model (MM5) ‐ A MM5 is a numerical model and is commonly used to record temperature trends [031]. It is widely used in conjunction with photochemical models and for specifically simulating the potential impacts of urban surface modification strategies [049]. This model is used for resolutions of 40‐2km. Meso‐urban Meteorological Simulations (uMM5) – A uMM5 is based on the urbanised MM5 which includes a soil model based on the ISBA force‐restore model. This model achieves finer resolutions at can accurately identify phenomena at sub‐grid level and within the canopy layer [049]. This model is used for resolutions of 1km‐100m. Urban Canopy Model (CM) – A CM is a type of MM but modeled at a smaller scale, for example building scale. A CM is a one‐dimensional model which can compute the temporal variations of air temperature, humidity and wind velocity in the urban canopy layer [031]. Large‐eddy simulation (LES) – LES is used to simulate turbulent flows. This model is used for resolutions of 1km – 50m. Micrometeorological models – Models weather conditions on a small scale, this model is used for resolutions of 500m ‐ 5m. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) – CFD simulates the dynamics of things that flow, typically used to simulate air flow and climate. This model is used for resolutions of 5m to centimeters (or finer if needed). Photochemical Models (Primarily concerned with pollutant concentrations) Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) – CAMx is a Eularian, 3‐dimensional grid, that allows simulation and assessment of “one atmosphere”, such as ozone or particulate matter [049]. Urban Air Shed Model (UAM‐V) ‐ The UAM‐V Model is a three‐dimensional, multi‐scale photochemical grid model that calculates concentrations of pollutants by simulating the physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere [217]. Page 19
The following papers use a number of models to estimate the UHI impact on temperatures; air quality & CO2 emissions; and energy use and peak power demand. The types of models used have been described in more detail in the following paragraphs. 3.1.1 Temperatures As temperatures are used to quantify the existence of an urban heat island they regularly appear as a dataset for models and many simulations have temperatures as their outputs. Few look at temperature specifically, rather the affects of albedo, buildings, reforestation on temperature. Temperatures are modeled using meteorological models such as MM and CM. A modeling study in Japan used a CM and a MM to calculate temperature variations in a city as a result of the presence of buildings in the area. The data input for the MM in this study was from a Grid Point Value Meso Scale Model, a weather prediction model used by Japan’s Meteorological Agency. The CM’s components were wind velocity, potential temperature, humidity, anthropogenic sensible and latent heat, surface heat budget for the walls of the building and radiation/reflection from surfaces which is modeled only once because the modeling is so complex [065]. 3.1.2 Air quality & CO2 emissions Seven studies focus on air quality specifically, of these seven studies two studies are from Asia, four from North America and one from Europe. Some studies look at the urban heat island’s effect on air quality [014, 139, 141] and some on mitigation strategies affect on air quality [013, 051, 050, 049]. The air pollutants focused on were Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Ozone (O3). The meteorology models commonly used were MM, photochemical models were typically Urban Air Shed Models for ozone, the Air Pollution Model (TAPM) for air pollution generally, and Biogenic Emissions Inventory Systems (BEIS‐2) for biogenic emissions. Haider Taha, originally at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and now at Altostratus, is a leader in the field of meteorological and air quality‐modeling and has written many papers on the modeling of urban heat islands. In Taha’s 2008 paper he discusses the heat island’s impact on air quality using uMM5 and CAMx models with particular reference to ozone. The study also models albedo increase and its impact on air temperature. In this study Taha considers the meso‐urban modeling of heat island mitigation superior to the mesoscale as it produces impacts on air quality etc on a larger scale, and captures phenomena that a mesoscale model would not have identified for example cool islands [049]. Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies Page 20
Page 1 and 2: Assessment of International Urban H
Page 3 and 4: Comments iii Bibliographic Report a
Page 5 and 6: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS vii Bibliographic
Page 9 and 10: ix Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 11 and 12: xi Bibliographic Report and Study o
Page 13 and 14: The mitigation technologies were fo
Page 15 and 16: a forward path; provides an economi
Page 17 and 18: 2.1.1 Population Size/Density Popul
Page 19 and 20: workday effect and weekends. Studie
Page 21 and 22: Some UHI impacts are positive such
Page 23 and 24: correlation with vehicles and traff
Page 25 and 26: 2.2.4 Peak Power Peak power describ
Page 27 and 28: temperature and climate, thus chang
Page 29: 3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATIO
Page 33 and 34: Another study in Japan simulated ai
Page 35 and 36: This paper applied a model to calcu
Page 37 and 38: 3.2 Simulations of UHI 3.2.1 Introd
Page 39 and 40: A study in France sought to find ou
Page 41 and 42: Traffic flow was calculated using c
Page 43 and 44: Implementation Issues 4 North & Asi
Page 45 and 46: These studies were founded primaril
Page 47 and 48: (humidification and heat sink insta
Page 49 and 50: emissions and the tree topology rel
Page 51 and 52: At a City scale one study focuses o
Page 53 and 54: This section reports the findings f
Page 55 and 56: Recent steps taken in cities in the
Page 57 and 58: � Most US States encourage tree p
Page 59 and 60: o 29 German cities offer subsidies
Page 61 and 62: 4.5.1 Review for Cool Roofs: 4.5.1.
Page 63 and 64: the global emitted CO2 offset poten
Page 65 and 66: standards to promote the cool roofs
Page 67 and 68: The expected savings generated in c
Page 69 and 70: � The degree to which the change
Page 71 and 72: enefits are complex to measure dire
Page 73 and 74: controls of the active cooling/heat
Page 75 and 76: temperature increases due to paveme
Page 77 and 78: curb‐side planting. Data gatherin
Page 79 and 80: location, orientation, growth/morta
Page 81 and 82:
seasons, climate types, etc. Furthe
Page 83 and 84:
the summer than the winter, thus ra
Page 85 and 86:
A study in Japan tested the effect
Page 87 and 88:
One US study written in 1998 seeks
Page 89 and 90:
This section reports the findings f
Page 91 and 92:
planning approach. Medium resolutio
Page 93 and 94:
Urban design and planning is a comp
Page 95 and 96:
5 CRITICAL REVIEW OF UHI COUNTERMEA
Page 97 and 98:
� Implementation Issues: The esti
Page 99 and 100:
savings are used over solutions tha
Page 101 and 102:
� 10.5 MtCO2 emissions per year f
Page 103 and 104:
� Preparation: Substantial prepar
Page 105 and 106:
5.3.3 Green Roofs and Urban Green A
Page 107 and 108:
5.4 Economic Review The magnitude o
Page 109 and 110:
5.5 Opportunities for Scale Up (Bar
Page 111 and 112:
technology, it evaluates the availa
Page 113 and 114:
Availability: the level and type of
Page 115 and 116:
integration would make them accepta
Page 117 and 118:
Awareness: Planners and designers w
Page 119 and 120:
would seek to incentivize UHI count
Page 121 and 122:
homeowner for example to choose whe
Page 123 and 124:
Planning issues for new builds, the
Page 125 and 126:
5.6.4 Energy Efficiency Measures Pl
Page 127 and 128:
� Political will - The government
Page 129 and 130:
not to create dedicated policy vehi
Page 131 and 132:
� When developing costing analyse
Page 133 and 134:
7 GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC PANEL 7.1 Intro
Page 135 and 136:
an understanding of planning policy
Page 137 and 138:
Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 139 and 140:
Role Name Institution Country of Or
Page 141 and 142:
sustainable architecture. He is an
Page 143 and 144:
energy buildings, natural and mixed
Page 145 and 146:
Name: Hashem Akbari Current Positio
Page 147 and 148:
momentum in cities are measured and
Page 149 and 150:
Ms MacDonald was formerly Director
Page 151 and 152:
Name: Dr Dale Quattrochi Current Po
Page 153 and 154:
Name: Joe Huang Current Position: L
Page 155 and 156:
State University. He is former Pres
Page 157 and 158:
Bank for Reconstruction and Develop
Page 159 and 160:
planners/designers are equipped wit
Page 161 and 162:
Paper Ref Title of Paper Author Ins
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
show all

Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?