Review and Critical Analysis of International UHI Studies

TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
Bibliographic Report and Study of
Urban Heat Island Countermeasures
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1
1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 3
2 EVIDENCE OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ............................................................. 5
2.1 Causal Factors ..................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Population Size/Density ........................................................................................................ 6
2.1.2 Land/Building Material Thermal & Radiative Properties ................................................ 6
2.1.3 Anthropogenic Heat Sources ............................................................................................... 7
2.1.4 Geometric Effects of Urban Design and Sky View Factor ................................................ 8
2.2 Measured Impacts .............................................................................................. 9
2.2.1 Temperature Increase .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Air Quality ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3 Energy Use ............................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.4 Peak Power ........................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.5 CO2 Emissions ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.6 Health Impacts ..................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.7 Economic Impacts ................................................................................................................ 16
3 QUANTITATIVE MODELING & SIMULATION OF UHI ................................ 18
3.1.1 Temperatures ....................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.2 Air quality & CO2 emissions .............................................................................................. 20
3.1.3 Energy Use and Peak Power Demand .............................................................................. 21
3.1.4 Surface Albedo ..................................................................................................................... 22
3.1.5 Green Roofs and Urban Green Areas ................................................................................ 23
3.1.6 Urban form/planning .......................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Simulations of UHI .......................................................................................... 26
3.2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.2 Simulations of Temperature Impacts ................................................................................ 26
3.2.3 Simulations of Air Quality & CO2 Emissions Impacts .................................................... 27
3.2.4 Simulations of Energy Use & Peak Power Impacts......................................................... 28
3.2.5 Simulations of mitigation impacts ..................................................................................... 29
4 MITIGATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLANDS ....................................................... 31