Note on this edition: this is an electronic version of the 1999 book ...

114Demonic Texts and Textual Demonsbrief look into the specific character of the horror genre is needed here tocreate some interpretative context for the demonic elements discussed.A considerable amount of critical energy has been spent on the task ofdefining Gothic as a genre. Typically this has produced lists of Gothic devices– Eugenia C. DeLamotte has named this a “shopping list” approach. 5 Ahaunted castle is a traditional element, as are a mysterious hero, or villain,and a virtuous lady in distress. In her work The Gothic Tradition in Fiction(1979), Elizabeth MacAndrew portrays a lineage of writers occupied by thecommon interest (evil as an inner, psychological reality in man), borrowingGothic devices from each other, and introducing new ones. 6 The Castle ofOtranto characterises well the initial nucleus of “Gothic features,” laterworks added tormented monks, monsters and mad scientists, ghosts anddevils, witches and vampires, and even distanced themselves from the medievalsettings in favour of contemporary reality. As Anne Williams writesin her Art of Darkness (1995), the history of Gothic has produced a plenitudethat persistently oversteps all defining boundaries. There does not seemto be one definitive feature that would serve any attempt at a conclusivedefinition; even groups of features arranged by “family resemblances” tendto become strained. Williams advocates George Lakoff’s theory concerningthe concept of category as a cognitive structure. According to this view, theindividual items do not necessarily share any “essence,” or even family resemblance,with each other, if they belong to the same category. The categoriesare, instead, produced in accordance with certain principles of cognitivelogic: “These principles, taken together, will predict the structure of a category,but not its specific content.” 7Modern studies of horror are not so interested in finding definitiveboundaries of genre, or in inventing new subgenres in order to assimilate theconstant flux into some Aristotelian order. They are more engaged with theinner dynamism of the genre, relying on the readers’ ability to recognise andrelish even unorthodox works as parts of the tradition. Williams argues thatthe structure that organises Gothic horror as a category is its representationof “ambivalently attractive” otherness. The initial impulse to portray medievalsettings (or examples of “primitive” magical thinking, or exotic elements“the marvellous.” Todorov 1970/1975, 25-31, 44. Todorov’s definition is emphaticallycognitocentric (in favour of purely intellectual and epistemological criteria) and excludesalmost all actual literature. Cf. Darko Suvin’s definition of science fiction, below, pages205-6.5 DeLamotte 1990, 5. Eino Railo’s classic study, The Haunted Castle: A Study of theElements of English Romanticism (1927) has become a typical representative of scholarshipthat catalogues the different components that “make up” this genre.6 MacAndrew 1979, 5-9, et passim.7Williams 1995, 12-18 (quotation from page 18); Lakoff’s theory is discussed above,pp. 57-8. – Robert Miles argues that Gothic should be approached as a particular aesthetic,rather than a genre. Developed in the ‘Age of Sensibility’ it was ideologicallycharged from the beginning, giving a discursive form to “an idealized, culturally compromised,self, exaggerated and repudiated, explored and denied” it was above all “an aestheticof change.” (Miles 1993, 30-33.)