broadband strategies handbook.pdf - Khazar University

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14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” January 2011, http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/stats/2011/01/index.aspx.15. Law no. 55-01, adopted in November 2004, made important modifications inthe setup of universal service in Morocco. The universal service definition wasextended to include the supply of value added services, including Internet.A new approach relating to the operator’s contribution to the mission ofuniversal service was also introduced, including regional developmentobligations and the introduction of the “pay or play” mechanism; see the noteon telecommunications and the ICT sector in Morocco, available at http://www.apebi.org.ma/IMG/pdf/E-Morocco.pdf.16. The discussion of subsidies, including verbatim without quotes, draws fromWellenius, Foster, and Calvo (2004). The examples are taken from theindividual references noted.17. Subsidies can be designed to reduce access barriers to which target groups(for example, low-income families) are especially sensitive, such as initialconnection, equipment, or installation charges. This is common in electricityand water supply.18. About 2–3 percent of community income is often used for initial discussion ofrural telecommunications programs. Surveys of rural communities in countriesas different as Argentina, India, Nicaragua, and the Philippines show thathouseholds spend about 5 percent of monetary income on energy, fairlyconsistently across countries and with even higher proportions for thelower-income households. The World Health Organization’s target is thatwater supply should not cost more than 5 percent of household income.See references in Wellenius, Foster, and Calvo (2004).19. See infoDev and ITU, “ICT Regulation Toolkit, Module 4: Universal Access andService,” sec. 6.1.2, Per Capita and Household Expenditure on Communications,http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org. In high-income countries the proportion issmaller, although the amount is higher in absolute terms. In Finland in 2006,households on average spent 3 percent of income on telecommunications.20. Combining rural infrastructure projects of different sectors (for example,telecommunications and electricity) can reduce total government costs(for example, demand surveys, road shows, supervision) and supply costs(especially operation and maintenance).21. First Nation comprises aboriginal groups (except Inuit and Métis) organizedin over 600 governments, mainly in the provinces of Ontario andBritish Columbia. Inuit are aborigines who live in the Arctic of Canada,Greenland, and Alaska, formerly referred to as Eskimos. Canadian Inuit livemainly in northern Québec, coastal Labrador, and parts of the NorthwestTerritories, especially on the Arctic Ocean coast. Métis are the descendantsof First Nation and Europeans, mainly French, during colonial times. Theyare found in British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Québec,New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Ontario, as well in the NorthwestTerritories.22. Industry Canada, “Broadband Canada Connecting Rural Canadians: OtherFederal and Provincial Programs,” http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/719.nsf/eng/h_00032.html.190 Broadband Strategies Handbook
23. Some categories of providers might be exempted for competition policy andother reasons. For example, new entrants should not be expected to help tofinance the incumbent with which they are trying to compete.24. The International Finance Corporation is the World Bank Group’s arm forinvesting and lending to the private sector.25. OBA is also known as performance-based aid or results-based financing (in thehealth sector). It is part of a broader effort to ensure that aid is well spent andthat the benefits go to the poor.26. The International Development Association is the arm of the World BankGroup that provides long-term financing for development at low interestrates to low-income countries.27. Regulatel and the World Bank, “New Models for Universal Access in LatinAmerica, Summary of Main Report,” http://www.ictregulationtoolkit.org/en/Section.3286.html.28. United States, FCC, “Universal Service,” http://www.fcc.gov/wcb/tapd/universal_service/.ReferencesAtkinson, Robert D., Daniel K. Correa, and Julie A. Hedlund. 2008. “ExplainingInternational Broadband Leadership.” Information Technology and InnovationFoundation, Washington, DC, May. http://www.itif.org/files/ExplainingBBLeadership.pdf.BEREC (Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications). 2010.“Report on Universal Service: Reflections for the Future.” BEREC, Riga,June. http://www.erg.eu.int/doc/berec/bor_10_35_US.pdf.Beschorner, Natasha. 2010. “Universal Access and Service: New Direction,Examples from the East Asia and Pacific Region.” Paper prepared for the WorldBank and International Telecommunication Union, “Seminar on Broadband andUSO,” Bangkok, November. http://www.tridi.ntc.or.th/library/components/com_booklibrary/ebooks/3C994EDFd01.pdf.Bossio, Jorge, and Luis Bonifaz. 2006. “Perú.” In “Nuevos Modelos para el AccesoUniversal de los Servicios de Telecomunicaciones en América Latina – Informede Países, REGULATEL, Bogotá: FITEL portal.” http://fitel.gob.pe.Chile, SUBTEL (Subsecretaría de Telecomunicaciones). 2001. “Decree Approvingthe Guidelines for the Telecommunications Development Fund [Fondo deDesarrollo de las Telecomunicaciones].” SUBTEL, Santiago, December 28.———. 2008. “Infraestructura digital para competividad e innovación, informenacional.” SUBTEL, Santiago. http://www.subtel.cl.Denmark, National IT and Telecom Agency. 2010. “Ambitious New BroadbandGoal for Denmark.” National IT and Telecom Agency, Copenhagen, June.http://extranet.broadband-europe.eu/Lists/StrategiesData/Attachments/41/Danish%20broadband%20goal%20June%202010_EN.pdf.Extending Universal Broadband Access and Use 191
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
Page 170 and 171: y providing alternative sources of
Page 172 and 173: works has become a major issue. IPR
Page 174 and 175: 8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
Page 176 and 177: €100,000 fine imposed in France i
Page 178 and 179: Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
Page 180 and 181: Regulatory Framework for Electronic
Page 182 and 183: ———. 2009b. “Understanding
Page 184 and 185: United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
Page 186 and 187: public sector investment for privat
Page 188 and 189: in the European Commission’s 2010
Page 190 and 191: oadband deployment. In certain inst
Page 192 and 193: (for example, international gateway
Page 194 and 195: for developing and financing teleco
Page 196 and 197: Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
Page 198 and 199: allowing operators to obtain additi
Page 200 and 201: It may be possible to reduce the co
Page 202 and 203: In the context of market-oriented e
Page 204 and 205: viable on their own, and to determi
Page 206 and 207: The supply side. The primary concer
Page 208 and 209: years, a local municipality or a no
Page 210 and 211: UASFs if the contributions and the
Page 212 and 213: B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
Page 214 and 215: licensed operators, for example, ca
Page 216 and 217: Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
Page 218 and 219: through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
Page 222 and 223: Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
Page 224 and 225: Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
Page 226 and 227: effectively and efficiently. This h
Page 228 and 229: attractive to leverage existing net
Page 230 and 231: incumbent operators around the worl
Page 232 and 233: capital in the short run. Carriers
Page 234 and 235: provide a point-to-point or point-t
Page 236 and 237: and regional fiber backbones may no
Page 238 and 239: of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
Page 240 and 241: fiber optic cable capacity services
Page 242 and 243: F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in Bo
Page 244 and 245: Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
Page 246 and 247: With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
Page 248 and 249: networks running along grids or rai
Page 250 and 251: 220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
Page 252 and 253: Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
Page 254 and 255: challenges by extending distances a
Page 256 and 257: Internet access provides download s
Page 258 and 259: Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
Page 260 and 261: (120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
Page 262 and 263: Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
Page 264 and 265: High-Speed Packet Access refers to
Page 266 and 267: go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
Page 268 and 269: • Relief for congested mobile net
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has to purchase additional download
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14. Internet Service Providers’ A
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ReferencesAustralia, Department of
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Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
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justify those investments. Demand-s
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Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
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overall educational background of a
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Broadband can also improve digital
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Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
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oadband needs within the context of
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Commerce, illustrate the importance
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Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
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Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
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Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
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Shared or Community AccessIn additi
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Within the broadband ecosystem, the
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Others have developed more extensiv
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high-bandwidth networks, online int
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Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
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Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
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with family and friends as well as
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open call for assistance, such as v
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can be divided into three broad cat
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those used in the 31 local versions
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23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
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Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Af
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O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
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CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
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Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Devel
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Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
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Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
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Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
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Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
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penetration. For example, in 2005,
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households reported that they did n
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on content, high cost of personal c
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T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
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Countrie s in Special Circumstances
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impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
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Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
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South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
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has gone from relying on satellite
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and providing broadband to all scho
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Innovative business models have con
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Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
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13. See Pakistan Universal Service
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———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
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APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
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APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
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Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
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they are unsure of the returns on t
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Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
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ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
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Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
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INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
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Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
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local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
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in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
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EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
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GPT. See general-purpose technology
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and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
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promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
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mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
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adio frequency identification (RFID
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in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
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transparencyand accounting methods,
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wireless access technologies, 229-3
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The world is shifting from narrowba
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