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F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in BotswanaIBRD 39042JANUARY 201220°EANGOLA25°EKasaneZAMBIABACKBONE FIBER OPTIC NETWORKMAIN POPULATION CENTERSCONCENTRATED POPULATIONSDISTRICT CAPITALNATIONAL CAPITAL20°SNAMIBIANokenengMaunTsauSehithwaNataDISTRICT BOUNDARIESINTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES20°SRakopsOrapaFrancistownZIMBABWELetlhakaneMamunoGhanziSeruliSerowePalapyeSelebi-PhikweSefopheMahalapyeKangTshaneMolepololeMochudi25°SKhakheaWerdaJwanengKanyeLobatseGABORONE25°STshabong0 50 100BokspitsKILOMETERS20°E 25°ESOUTH AFRICAThis map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank.The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other informationshown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World BankGroup, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or anyendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Source: Hamilton 2007.212 Broadband Strategies Handbook
agreements. In many developed countries, the owners of the backbone networksand elements of the market are consolidated into a few large companieswith very high-capacity networks, while the downstream componentstend to be smaller and more geographically disaggregated. But this is notalways the case; in many countries, especially those that have only recentlyliberalized their markets, one dominant provider may still control both thebackbone and downstream (metropolitan and local access) networks.The economic impact of backbone networks lies in their ability to reducecosts by spreading them over higher volumes of traffic. However, this benefitis highly dependent on the market situation in a given country. In Nigeria,for example, one of the reasons that the incumbent operator historicallyhas been able to maintain high wholesale prices for backbone services is thelack of effective competition in the backbone services market (Williams2010, 6). This is a pattern seen throughout Sub-Saharan Africa and in otherparts of the world, where neither competition nor regulation has effectivelycontrolled wholesale prices. Conversely, all broadband providers benefitwhere there is competition and the backbone is open and interconnected tomultiple downstream providers, particularly for smaller players who canbuy network services at reasonable prices rather than build their own endto-endnetworks.Countries face several challenges in deploying national backbone networks.One is the challenge of ensuring high-speed links throughout thecountry to minimize the broadband divide. Because each country has uniquegeographic (size, terrain) and demographic features, each will have to pickthose technologies that best fit its situation. As a result, different mixes oftechnologies will be employed, and private investors and policy makers willneed to examine the trade-offs between bandwidth needs, capital expenditures,operating expenses, upgradeability, and regulatory impacts, amongothers.National LinksThe choice of a national backbone strategy is highly dependent on a country’ssize, topography, regulatory environment, and broadband market size.In reviewing the different technologies, it is important to bear in mind thatthe selection of the appropriate backbone connectivity option often dependson the distance to be covered and the forecasted capacity requirements(table 5.1).Fiber optic cable is typically perceived as the optimum solution fornational backbone connectivity given its high capacity and upgradeability.Almost every operator in the world is upgrading its network backbone byTechnologies to Support Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure 213
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
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y providing alternative sources of
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works has become a major issue. IPR
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8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
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€100,000 fine imposed in France i
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Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
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Regulatory Framework for Electronic
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———. 2009b. “Understanding
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United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
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public sector investment for privat
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in the European Commission’s 2010
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oadband deployment. In certain inst
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Page 194 and 195: for developing and financing teleco
Page 196 and 197: Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
Page 198 and 199: allowing operators to obtain additi
Page 200 and 201: It may be possible to reduce the co
Page 202 and 203: In the context of market-oriented e
Page 204 and 205: viable on their own, and to determi
Page 206 and 207: The supply side. The primary concer
Page 208 and 209: years, a local municipality or a no
Page 210 and 211: UASFs if the contributions and the
Page 212 and 213: B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
Page 214 and 215: licensed operators, for example, ca
Page 216 and 217: Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
Page 218 and 219: through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
Page 220 and 221: 14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” Januar
Page 222 and 223: Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
Page 224 and 225: Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
Page 226 and 227: effectively and efficiently. This h
Page 228 and 229: attractive to leverage existing net
Page 230 and 231: incumbent operators around the worl
Page 232 and 233: capital in the short run. Carriers
Page 234 and 235: provide a point-to-point or point-t
Page 236 and 237: and regional fiber backbones may no
Page 238 and 239: of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
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Page 244 and 245: Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
Page 246 and 247: With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
Page 248 and 249: networks running along grids or rai
Page 250 and 251: 220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
Page 252 and 253: Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
Page 254 and 255: challenges by extending distances a
Page 256 and 257: Internet access provides download s
Page 258 and 259: Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
Page 260 and 261: (120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
Page 262 and 263: Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
Page 264 and 265: High-Speed Packet Access refers to
Page 266 and 267: go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
Page 268 and 269: • Relief for congested mobile net
Page 270 and 271: has to purchase additional download
Page 272 and 273: 14. Internet Service Providers’ A
Page 274 and 275: ReferencesAustralia, Department of
Page 276 and 277: Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
Page 278 and 279: justify those investments. Demand-s
Page 280 and 281: Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
Page 282 and 283: overall educational background of a
Page 284 and 285: Broadband can also improve digital
Page 286 and 287: Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
Page 288 and 289: oadband needs within the context of
Page 290 and 291: Commerce, illustrate the importance
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Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
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Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
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Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
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Shared or Community AccessIn additi
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Within the broadband ecosystem, the
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Others have developed more extensiv
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high-bandwidth networks, online int
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Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
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Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
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with family and friends as well as
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open call for assistance, such as v
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can be divided into three broad cat
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those used in the 31 local versions
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23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
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Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Af
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O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
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CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
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Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Devel
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Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
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Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
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Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
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Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
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penetration. For example, in 2005,
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households reported that they did n
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on content, high cost of personal c
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T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
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Countrie s in Special Circumstances
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impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
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Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
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South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
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has gone from relying on satellite
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and providing broadband to all scho
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Innovative business models have con
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Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
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13. See Pakistan Universal Service
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———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
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APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
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APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
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Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
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they are unsure of the returns on t
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Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
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ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
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Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
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INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
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Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
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local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
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in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
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EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
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GPT. See general-purpose technology
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and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
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promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
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mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
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adio frequency identification (RFID
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in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
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transparencyand accounting methods,
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wireless access technologies, 229-3
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The world is shifting from narrowba
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