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Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Africa’s Neediest Communities IT Skills . . . andHope.” Cisco News, August 23. http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2010/ts_082310b.html.Council of the European Union. 2008. “Vienna ‘E-Inclusion’ Ministerial ConferenceConclusions.” Presidency of the European Union, Brussels, December 2.http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/events/e-inclusion/2008/doc/conclusions.pdf.CVTelecom. 2010. “As telecomunicações ao serviço da Saúde.” Antena 55 (September):9. http://www.grupocvt.com.cv/boletins.Dessoff, Alan. 2010. “Cutting Technology Costs with Refurbished Computers.”District Administration, January 1. http://www.districtadministration.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=2264.DuBravac, Shawn G. 2007. “Broadband in America: Access, Use, and Outlook.”Consumer Electronics Association, Arlington, VA, July. http://www.ce.org/pdf/cea_broadband_america.pdf.ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean). 2010.“Monitoring of the Plan of Action eLAC2010: Advances and Challenges of theInformation Society in Latin America and the Caribbean.” United Nations,ECLAC, Santiago.Educational Testing Service. 2002. “Digital Transformation: A Framework for ICTLiteracy.” ETS, Princeton, NJ. http://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/ict-report.ESA (Economics and Statistics Administration) and NTIA (National Telecommunicationsand Information Administration). 2010. “Exploring the Digital Nation:Home Broadband Internet Adoption in the United States.” U.S. Department ofCommerce, Washington, DC, November. http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/reports/documents/report.pdf.European Commission. 2008. E-Inclusion Ministerial Conference, ConferenceReport: November 30–December 2. Brussels: European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/events/e-inclusion/2008/doc/final_report.pdf.Favaro, Edgardo, Samia Melhem, and Brian Winter. 2008. “Small States, SmartSolutions: Improving Connectivity and Increasing the Effectiveness of PublicServices.” In E-Government in Cape Verde, ch. 6. Washington, DC: World Bank.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDEBTDEPT/Resources/468980-1206974166266/4833916-1206989877225/SmallStatesComplete.pdf.Gobry, Pascal-Emmanuel. 2011. “HUGE: Mobile Broadband Will Hit 1 Billion Usersin 2011.” Business Insider, January 12. http://www.businessinsider.com/mobile-broadband-will-hit-1-billion-users-in-2011-2011-1.Gupta, P. N., Ajay Kr. Singh, Vaneeta Malhotra, and Lavanya Rastogi. 2003. “Role ofIT Education in India: Challenges and Quality Perspectives.” Delhi BusinessReview 4 (2, July–December): 77–93. http://www.delhibusinessreview.org/v_4n2/v4n2h.pdf.Hauge, Janice Alane, and James E. Prieger. 2009. “Demand-Side Programs toStimulate Adoption of Broadband: What Works?” October 14. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1492342.290 Broadband Strategies Handbook
Hernandez, Janet, Daniel Leza, and Kari Ballot-Lena. 2010. “ICT Regulation in theDigital Economy.” 2010 GSR Discussion Paper, Telecommunications ManagementGroup, Inc., ITU, Geneva. http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/Events/Seminars/GSR/GSR10/documents/GSR10-paper3.pdf.Hussain, Samad, Nadir Durrani, and Sana Gul. 2005. “Pan-Localization, Survey ofLanguage Computing in Asia.” Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing,National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Lahore.http://www.panl10n.net/english/outputs/Survey/Pashto.pdf.Indosat. 2010. Unleashing Our Potential: 2010 Annual Report. Jakarta: Indosat.Kim, Yongsoo, Tim Kelly, and Siddhartha Raja. 2010. “Building Broadband:Strategies and Policies for the Developing World.” Global Information andCommunication Technologies Department, World Bank, Washington, DC, June.http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.1045.html.Kraemer, Brian. 2008. “Radio Shack’s $99 Acer Aspire Notebook Too Good toBe True.” CRN, December 12. http://www.crn.com/blogs-op-ed/the-channel-wire/212500037/radio-shacks-99-acer-aspire-notebook-toogood-to-be-true.htm.Kramer, Kenneth, Jason Dedrick, and Prakul Sharma. 2009. “One Laptop per Child:Vision vs. Reality.” Communications of the ACM 52 (6, June): 66–73. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1516063.Kuchinskas, Susan. 2007. “A Beginner’s Guide to Web 2.0 Tools for Business.”BNET, May. http://www.bnet.com/article/a-beginners-guide-to-web-20-tools-for-business/66096.Mansfield, Ian. 2010. “Social Networking Dominates UK Mobile Broadband Traffic.”Cellular-News, October 28. http://www.cellular-news.com/story/46136.php.Merrill, Duane. 2009. “Mashups: The New Breed of Web App.” IBM developer-Works, July 24. http://public.dhe.ibm.com/software/dw/xml/x-mashups-pdf.pdf.Muller, Rudolph. 2011. “The Best Entry-Level Broadband Deal in SA.” My Broadband,April. http://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadband/19633-The-best-entrylevel-broadband-deal.html.Obura, Fredrick. 2010. “ICT Board Sh320m Grant to Promote Local Content.” TheStandard, June 1. http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/InsidePage.php?id=2000010692&cid=14&story=ICT%20Board%20Sh320m%20grant%20to%20promote%20local%20content.OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2008.“Broadband Growth and Policies in OECD Countries.” Paper prepared for theOECD “Ministerial Meeting on the Growth of the Internet,” Paris. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/32/57/40629067.pdf.Oestmann, Sonja. 2003. “Mobile Operators: Their Contribution to UniversalService and Public Access.” Intelecon Research and Consultancy, Vancouver,January.OFCOM. 2011. Statistique officielle des télécommunications 2009. March 15, p. 58.http://www.bakom.admin.ch/dokumentation/zahlen/00744/00746/index.html?lang=fr&download=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ae2IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCDeoF6fmym162epYbg2c_JjKbNoKSn6A--.Driving Demand for Broadband Networks and Services 291
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
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y providing alternative sources of
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works has become a major issue. IPR
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8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
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€100,000 fine imposed in France i
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Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
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Regulatory Framework for Electronic
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———. 2009b. “Understanding
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United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
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public sector investment for privat
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in the European Commission’s 2010
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oadband deployment. In certain inst
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(for example, international gateway
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for developing and financing teleco
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Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
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allowing operators to obtain additi
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It may be possible to reduce the co
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In the context of market-oriented e
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viable on their own, and to determi
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The supply side. The primary concer
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years, a local municipality or a no
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UASFs if the contributions and the
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B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
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licensed operators, for example, ca
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Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
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through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
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14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” Januar
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Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
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Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
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effectively and efficiently. This h
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attractive to leverage existing net
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incumbent operators around the worl
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capital in the short run. Carriers
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provide a point-to-point or point-t
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and regional fiber backbones may no
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of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
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fiber optic cable capacity services
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F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in Bo
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Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
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With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
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networks running along grids or rai
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220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
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Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
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challenges by extending distances a
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Internet access provides download s
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Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
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(120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
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Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
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High-Speed Packet Access refers to
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go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
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• Relief for congested mobile net
Page 270 and 271: has to purchase additional download
Page 272 and 273: 14. Internet Service Providers’ A
Page 274 and 275: ReferencesAustralia, Department of
Page 276 and 277: Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
Page 278 and 279: justify those investments. Demand-s
Page 280 and 281: Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
Page 282 and 283: overall educational background of a
Page 284 and 285: Broadband can also improve digital
Page 286 and 287: Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
Page 288 and 289: oadband needs within the context of
Page 290 and 291: Commerce, illustrate the importance
Page 292 and 293: Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
Page 294 and 295: Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
Page 296 and 297: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
Page 298 and 299: Shared or Community AccessIn additi
Page 300 and 301: Within the broadband ecosystem, the
Page 302 and 303: Others have developed more extensiv
Page 304 and 305: high-bandwidth networks, online int
Page 306 and 307: Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
Page 308 and 309: Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
Page 310 and 311: with family and friends as well as
Page 312 and 313: open call for assistance, such as v
Page 314 and 315: can be divided into three broad cat
Page 316 and 317: those used in the 31 local versions
Page 318 and 319: 23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
Page 322 and 323: O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
Page 325 and 326: CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
Page 327 and 328: Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Devel
Page 329 and 330: Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
Page 331 and 332: Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
Page 333 and 334: Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
Page 335 and 336: Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
Page 337 and 338: penetration. For example, in 2005,
Page 339 and 340: households reported that they did n
Page 341 and 342: on content, high cost of personal c
Page 343 and 344: T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
Page 345 and 346: Countrie s in Special Circumstances
Page 347 and 348: impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
Page 349 and 350: Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
Page 351 and 352: South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
Page 353 and 354: has gone from relying on satellite
Page 355 and 356: and providing broadband to all scho
Page 357 and 358: Innovative business models have con
Page 359 and 360: Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
Page 361 and 362: 13. See Pakistan Universal Service
Page 363 and 364: ———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
Page 365 and 366: APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
Page 367 and 368: APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
Page 369 and 370: Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
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they are unsure of the returns on t
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Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
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ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
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Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
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INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
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Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
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local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
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in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
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EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
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GPT. See general-purpose technology
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and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
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promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
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mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
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adio frequency identification (RFID
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in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
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transparencyand accounting methods,
Page 403:
wireless access technologies, 229-3
Page 408:
The world is shifting from narrowba
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