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ReferencesAustralia, Department of Broadband, Communications, and the Digital Economy.n.d. “Regional Backbone Blackspots Program: Fast Facts.” Department ofBroadband, Communications, and the Digital Economy, Canberra. http://www.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/123605/DBCDE-NBN-Blackspots-Program-Fact-Facts.pdf.Bahrain, Telecommunications Regulatory Authority. 2011. Fixed Broadband AnalysisReport 01 Oct 2010–31 Dec 2010. Manama: Telecommunications RegulatoryAuthority. http://www.tra.org.bh/en/pdf/FixedBroadbandAnalysisReportQ42010.pdf.Bezeq Group. 2011. “Investor Presentation Full Year 2010.” Bezeq Group,Jerusalem, March. http://ir.bezeq.co.il/phoenix.zhtml?c=159870&p=irolpresentations.Blust, Stephen. 2008. “Development of IMT-Advanced: The SMaRT Approach.”ITU News 10: 39. http://www.itu.int/itunews/manager/display.asp?lang=en&year=2008&issue=10&ipage=39&ext=html.Bressie, Kent. 2010. “Eight Myths about Undersea Cables.” Paper presented at the“SubOptic2010” conference, Wiltshire and Grannis LLP, Washington, DC.http://www.wiltshiregrannis.com/siteFiles/News/0D12892E4C32D99099222C3A323EE38C.pdf?CFID=9388181&CFTOKEN=68748222.Cavalli, Olga, Jorge Crom, and Alejandro Kijak. 2003. “Desarrollo de NAPS enSudamérica.” Instituto para la Conectividad en las Américas, Montevideo.http://www.idrc.ca/uploads/user-S/11660380021NAPs-Sp.pdf.CDMA Development Group. 2000. “CDMA2000.” CDMA Development Group,Chelmsford, MA. http://www.cdg.org/technology/cdma2000.asp.———. 2009. “TELMEX: Latin America’s Largest CDMA450 Operator.” CDMADevelopment Group, Chelmsford, MA. http://www.cdg.org/resources/files/case_studies/CDG_Telmex_Final_101609.pdf.———. 2011. “CDMA450 Market Facts.” CDMA Development Group, Chelmsford,MA, December. http://www.cdg.org/resources/market_technology.asp.Centre for Wireless Communications. 2010. “Public CWC GIGA Seminar Programme2010.” Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu,Oulu, Finland, January 11. http://www.cwc.oulu.fi/public-cwc-giga-2010/programme.html.China Mobile. 2011. Annual Results 2010. Beijing: China Mobile, March 16. http://www.chinamobileltd.com/images/present/20110316/pp01.html.Cisco. 2009. “IP NGN Carrier Ethernet Design: Powering the Connected Lifein the Zettabyte Era.” White Paper, Cisco, Petaluma, CA. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns341/ns524/ns562/ns577/net_implementation_white_paper0900aecd806a7df1_ns537_Networking_Solutions_White_Paper.html .Ericsson. 2007. “The Evolution of EDGE.” White Paper, Ericsson, Stockholm.http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/evolution_to_edge.pdf.244 Broadband Strategies Handbook
———. 2010. “Annual Report 2010: Highlights.” Ericsson, Stockholm. http://www.ericsson.com/thecompany/investors/financial_reports/2010/annual10/sites/default/files/2010_highlights_EN_0.pdf.Fitchard, Kevin. 2010. “AT&T Tests Free Wi-Fi for Mobile Offload in TimesSquare.” Connected Planet, May 25. http://blog.connectedplanetonline.com/unfiltered/2010/05/25/att-tests-free-wi-fi-for-mobile-offload-in-timessquare/.Gallagher, Ian. 2010. “Daylight Coppery as Thieves Tear up Manhole Covers andSteal £70,000 of Phone Cable.” Mail Online, March 21. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1259460/Daylight-coppery-thieves-tear-manhole-coverssteal-70-000-phone-cable.html.Guzmán, José Miguel. 2008. “Google Peering.” Google, Mountain View, CA.http://lacnic.net/documentos/lacnicxi/presentaciones/Google-LACNICfinal-short.pdf.Hansell, Saul. 2009. “World’s Fastest Broadband at $20 per Home.” New YorkTimes, April 3. http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/03/the-cost-to-offer-theworlds-fastest-broadband-20-per-home/.Hansryd, Jonas, and Per-Erik Eriksson. 2009. “High-Speed Mobile BackhaulDemonstrators.” Ericsson Review (February): 10–16. http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/review/2009_02/files/Backhaul.pdf.Ibrahim, Malika, and Ilyas Ahmed. 2008. “Maldives.” In Digital Review of AsiaPacific 2007–2008. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.http://www.idrc.ca/openebooks/377-5/#page_204.IDA (Info-communications Development Authority of Singapore). 2008. “InternationalSharing: International Gateway Liberalization.” IDA, Mapletree BusinessCity.———. 2010. “What Is Next Gen NBN?” IDA, Mapletree Business City, September 9.http://www.ida.gov.sg/Infrastructure/20090717105113.aspx.ITU (International Telecommunication Union). 2008. “DSL: Digital SubscriberLine.” ITU, Geneva, May. http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-t/oth/1D/01/T1D010000040003PDFE.pdf.———. 2010. “Recommendation ITU-R M.1457-9: Detailed Specifications of theTerrestrial Radio Interfaces of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000.”ITU, Geneva, May. http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1457/e.Jensen, Mike. 2009. “Promoting the Use of Internet Exchange Points: A Guide toPolicy, Management, and Technical Issues.” Internet Society, Reston, VA.http://www.isoc.org/internet/issues/docs/promote-ixp-guide.pdf.Jiaxing, Xiao, and Fan Guanghui. 2010. “802.16m: Ready for 4G.” Communicate,June. http://www.huawei.com/en/static/hw-076500.pdf.Kisambira, Edris. 2008. “Infocom Uganda Leases Fiber from Power Utility.”Network World, June 6. http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/060608-infocom-uganda-leases-fiber-from.html?inform?ap1=rcb.Maravedis. 2011. 4G Counts Quarterly Report. Issue 13. Miami: Maravedis,January. http://www.maravedis-bwa.com/en/reports.Technologies to Support Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure 245
Page 1:
Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
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y providing alternative sources of
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works has become a major issue. IPR
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8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
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€100,000 fine imposed in France i
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Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
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Regulatory Framework for Electronic
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———. 2009b. “Understanding
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United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
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public sector investment for privat
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in the European Commission’s 2010
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oadband deployment. In certain inst
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(for example, international gateway
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for developing and financing teleco
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Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
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allowing operators to obtain additi
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It may be possible to reduce the co
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In the context of market-oriented e
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viable on their own, and to determi
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The supply side. The primary concer
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years, a local municipality or a no
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UASFs if the contributions and the
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B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
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licensed operators, for example, ca
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Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
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through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
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14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” Januar
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Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
Page 224 and 225: Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
Page 226 and 227: effectively and efficiently. This h
Page 228 and 229: attractive to leverage existing net
Page 230 and 231: incumbent operators around the worl
Page 232 and 233: capital in the short run. Carriers
Page 234 and 235: provide a point-to-point or point-t
Page 236 and 237: and regional fiber backbones may no
Page 238 and 239: of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
Page 240 and 241: fiber optic cable capacity services
Page 242 and 243: F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in Bo
Page 244 and 245: Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
Page 246 and 247: With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
Page 248 and 249: networks running along grids or rai
Page 250 and 251: 220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
Page 252 and 253: Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
Page 254 and 255: challenges by extending distances a
Page 256 and 257: Internet access provides download s
Page 258 and 259: Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
Page 260 and 261: (120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
Page 262 and 263: Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
Page 264 and 265: High-Speed Packet Access refers to
Page 266 and 267: go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
Page 268 and 269: • Relief for congested mobile net
Page 270 and 271: has to purchase additional download
Page 272 and 273: 14. Internet Service Providers’ A
Page 276 and 277: Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
Page 278 and 279: justify those investments. Demand-s
Page 280 and 281: Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
Page 282 and 283: overall educational background of a
Page 284 and 285: Broadband can also improve digital
Page 286 and 287: Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
Page 288 and 289: oadband needs within the context of
Page 290 and 291: Commerce, illustrate the importance
Page 292 and 293: Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
Page 294 and 295: Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
Page 296 and 297: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
Page 298 and 299: Shared or Community AccessIn additi
Page 300 and 301: Within the broadband ecosystem, the
Page 302 and 303: Others have developed more extensiv
Page 304 and 305: high-bandwidth networks, online int
Page 306 and 307: Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
Page 308 and 309: Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
Page 310 and 311: with family and friends as well as
Page 312 and 313: open call for assistance, such as v
Page 314 and 315: can be divided into three broad cat
Page 316 and 317: those used in the 31 local versions
Page 318 and 319: 23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
Page 320 and 321: Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Af
Page 322 and 323: O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
Page 325 and 326:
CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
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Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Devel
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Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
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Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
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Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
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Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
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penetration. For example, in 2005,
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households reported that they did n
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on content, high cost of personal c
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T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
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Countrie s in Special Circumstances
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impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
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Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
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South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
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has gone from relying on satellite
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and providing broadband to all scho
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Innovative business models have con
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Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
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13. See Pakistan Universal Service
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———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
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APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
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APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
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Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
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they are unsure of the returns on t
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Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
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ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
Page 377 and 378:
Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
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INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
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Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
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local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
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in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
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EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
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GPT. See general-purpose technology
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and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
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promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
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mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
Page 397 and 398:
adio frequency identification (RFID
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in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
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transparencyand accounting methods,
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wireless access technologies, 229-3
Page 408:
The world is shifting from narrowba
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