broadband strategies handbook.pdf - Khazar University

Kenya Power and Lighting CompanyLimited, 218keyboards, 284–85, 289n43KidSMART, United Kingdom, 258Kigali Metropolitan Network, Rwanda, 71KIXP. See Kenya Internet exchange points(KIXP)Korea, Republic of, 19, 92increase in service providers, 65, 303b7.3Internet security in, 258and locally developed video games, 278plans to promote broadband, 46, 163WiBro, 235Korean Agency for Digital Opportunity andPromotion, 264b6.5Korea Telecom, 71KPN. See Royal Dutch Telecom (KPN)Kyrgyz Republic, 307–8Llanding stations, 206–7landlocked developing countries(LLDCs), 210access to submarine cables, 113, 205–6broadband development in, 307, 315–16and connectivity issues, 197, 208, 314land use planning, 58languageInternet users by, 284, 285–86,289nn42–43and local content, 311LANs. See local area networks (LANs)laptops, 254, 261–63, 265b6.5“last mile” networks, 116–19latency times, 203, 240Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7as indicator of quality, 79–80and satellite use, 238Latin America and the Caribbean regionbroadband development, 308–10Internet use by age, 268–69SIDs in, 317subscription rates, 325use of UASFs in, 182–85See also specific countryLDCs. See least developed countries(LDCs)leases, 221least-cost subsidies, 172–73least developed countries (LDCs),broadband development in, 315,331n15legal framework, 142, 275content issues, 138–43, 146–47nn39–40and cross-border e-commerce,147n40and cybercrime, 132–33and cybersecurity, 130, 133–34and demand facilitation, 248and enforcement of privacy issues,137–38, 146nn35–37human rights law, 139, 146–47n39for ITC environment, 91–92privacy and data protection, 134–38,145–46nn30–32, 146nn35–37and universal access, 167–69, 190n15See also regulatory frameworklicensing, 240and coverage obligations, 119for IXPs, 106–7options and implications for broadband,94–96overview, 92–93to provide television, 272services specific, 97of spectrum, 97license-exempt spectrum, 102–3,144n11renewal of, 100–102, 143n7, 144n9and technology and service neutrality,93–94for universal access, 167Wi-Fi, 237, 243n42LIME, 160line-of-sight communications, 204line sharing, 239literacy. See digital literacyLithuania, 300LLDCs. See landlocked developingcountries (LLDCs)LLU. See local loop unbundling (LLU)loans, 67, 85n6, 180–81, 182b4.5, 191n25local access networks, 196, 197–98, 237and cost to install fiber, 200fiber penetration in, 202local area networks (LANs), 228–29local connectivity, 116–19implementation issues, 238–39and wireless access technologies, 229–38,243nn30–31and wireline access technologies,221–29See also wireless broadbandlocal content, 138and broadband demand, 311development of, 278362 Broadband Strategies Handbook