broadband strategies handbook.pdf - Khazar University

go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blust 2008). One of the most significantrequirements is peak data rates of 100 Mbit/s for high mobility and 1 Gbit/sfor low mobility. In October 2010, the ITU announced that two technologiesmet the requirements for IMT-Advanced: LTE-Advanced and Wireless-MAN-Advanced (ITU 2010).LTE and LTE-Advanced. Development of the LTE mobile network standardstarted in 2004. One goal was to achieve higher data speeds to support therising growth of Internet access over mobile phones. Targeted speeds wereinitially 100 Mbit/s for downloads and 50 Mbit/s for uploads. LTE usesOFDM for downloads and Single Carrier-Frequency Division MultipleAccess (SC-FDMA) for uploads. LTE is designed for frequency flexibility,with bandwidth requirements ranging from 1.25 and 20 MHz and supportfor both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) bands.LTE standards have been developed under the auspices of the 3G PartnershipProject (3GPP). The 3GPP Release 8, issued in December 2008,forms the basis for initial LTE deployments. It has theoretical maximumdownload speeds of 300 Mbit/s and upload speeds of 75 Mbit/s. In order tomeet global requirements for fourth-generation (4G) mobile networks,3GPP developed LTE Release 10 and Beyond (LTE-Advanced), which wassubmitted to the ITU in October 2009.Although LTE was developed within the auspices of the 3GPP, whosework includes technical specifications for GSM, W-CDMA, and HSPA technologies,there is no straightforward migration path. So far, LTE deploymentshave required the purchase of new equipment by operators and newdevices by users.The world’s first LTE deployment was by TeliaSonera when it simultaneouslylaunched networks in Stockholm, Sweden, and Oslo, Norway, atthe end of 2009 using the 2.6 GHz frequency band. 39 Verizon’s LTE networklaunch in the United States in December 2010 is noteworthy for usingthe 700 MHz frequency band. 40 Verizon reported that speeds were 5–12Mbit/s download and 2–5 Mbit/s upload. According to 4G Americas, 19commercial LTE networks were operating worldwide in 14 countries inMarch 2011.WirelessMAN-Advanced. WirelessMAN-Advanced is standardized as IEEE802.16m and offers backward compatibility with IEEE 802.16e, an IMT-2000 technology. It meets the IMT-Advanced data rate requirements with atheoretical 180 Mbit/s downlink using a 20 MHz TDD channel (WiMaxForum 2010). Multiple channels can be aggregated to support 1 Gbit/sspeeds (Jiaxing and Guanghui 2010).236 Broadband Strategies Handbook