broadband strategies handbook.pdf - Khazar University

F igure 5.4 Internet Protocol Packet Route from Washington, D.C., to Gaborone, BotswanaIBRD 39041JANUARY 2012Source: Telecommunications Management Group, Inc.This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank.The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other informationshown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World BankGroup, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or anyendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.parts of the supply chain and has an incentive to restrict competition ordemand high payments.Countries are exploring various ways to overcome the challenges ofinternational connectivity, including the following:• Forming public-private partnerships (PPPs) to establish direct internationallinks. The high cost of connecting to international networks may beinsurmountable for smaller service providers. In Kenya, the governmenttook the lead in procuring an undersea fiber connection through anagreement to construct a cable from Kenya to the United Arab Emiratesby enlisting service providers to take a shareholding in The East AfricaMarine System (TEAMS) cable (World Bank 2011).• Establishing points of presence (POPs) in major Internet hubs. This canbe cheaper than paying transit fees. Sri Lanka Telecom established asubsidiary in Hong Kong SAR, China, and acquired domestic and internationalvoice and data services licenses allowing it to offer underseaTechnologies to Support Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure 209