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variety of technologies, affecting standardization of the national telecommunicationsinfrastructure. Intense competition has resulted in pricewars that threaten long-term sustainability. Service providers are lookingto reduce duplication by cooperating on shared infrastructure, but so farno specific measures have been implemented.While Vietnam has had tremendous achievements in broadband, thereare challenges arising from its rapid growth: (a) development of width (forexample, the number of subscribers) needs to be coupled with developmentof depth (for example, service quality); (b) differences in the level ofbroadband between regions can contribute to widening gaps; and (c) therapid development of broadband can cause policy problems affecting sociallife, security, and politics.Notes1. This chapter classifies developing economies into geographic and economicgroupings according to World Bank regional and income classifications. SeeWorld Bank, “How We Classify Countries,” http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications.2. United Nations, “Millennium Development Goals,” http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/.3. MDG Monitor, “Tracking the MDGs,” http://www.mdgmonitor.org/browse_goal.cfm.4. ITU, “WSIS,” http://www.itu.int/wsis/index.html.5. FTTH Council, “Global FTTH Councils’ Latest Country Ranking Shows FurtherMomentum on All-Fiber Deployments,” Press Release, February 10, 2011, http://www.ftthcouncil.org/en/newsroom/2011/02/10/global-ftth-councils-latestcountry-ranking-shows-further-momentum-on-all-fiber-.6. “Triple Network Project Launched,” People’s Daily Online, July 2, 2010, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90778/90860/7050112.html.7. See ESCWA, “Final Meeting of the Project on ‘Promotion of the Digital ArabicContent Industry through Incubation,’” http://www.escwa.un.org/divisions/projects/dac/index.asp.8. Intel, “Intel Capital to Invest in Two Digital Content Companies in Jordan,”Press Release, May 17, 2009, http://www.intel.com/capital/news/releases/090519.htm.9. http://www.jeeran.com/.10. http://www.shoofeetv.com.11. Dubai School of Government, “Arab Social Media Report,” January 2011, http://www.dsg.ae/NEWSANDEVENTS/UpcomingEvents/ASMRHome.aspx.12. TRAI (2010); TRAI, “TRAI Issues Recommendations on ‘National BroadbandPlan,’” Press Release, December 8, 2010, http://www.trai.gov.in.330 Broadband Strategies Handbook
13. See Pakistan Universal Service Fund, “Broadband Programme,” http://www.usf.org.pk/Broadband-Programme.aspx.14. See “African Undersea Cables,”http://manypossibilities.net/african-undersea-cables/.14. See African Undersea Cables, http://manypossibilities.net/african-underseacables/.15. LDCs are identified through three criteria: income per capita, human capital,and economic vulnerability. For the methodology, see UN-OHRLLS, “Criteriafor Identification of LDCs,” http://www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/59/. Forthe list of LDCs, see UN-OHRLLS, “Country Profiles,” http://www.unohrlls.org/en/ldc/related/62/.16. For a list of LLDCs, see UN-OHRLLS, “Country Profiles,” http://www.unohrlls.org/en/lldc/39/.17. See UNCTAD, “UN Recognition of the Problems of Land-Locked DevelopingCountries,” http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3619&lang=1.18. For a list of SIDSs, see UN-OHRLLS, “Country Profiles,” http://www.unohrlls.org/en/sids/44/.19. See UNCTAD, “UN Recognition of the Problems of Small Island DevelopingStates,” http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=3620&lang=1.20. See ictDATA, “Samoa Mobilized,” September 24, 2010, http://www.ictdata.org/2010/09/samoa-mobilized.html.21. There is no official definition of a postconflict economy. They are oftenlocations where civil conflicts have necessitated the intervention of peacekeepingtroops. For a list of locations where United Nations peacekeeping troops arestationed, see http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/.22. The World Bank–financed E–Sri Lanka Development Project argues, “ICT canpromote peace efforts by providing connectivity and electronic delivery ofmuch needed information and public services, bridging space, time, andpromoting understanding between the North and East and the rest of thecountry.” See World Bank, “Sri Lanka: E-Lanka Development Project,”December 1, 2003, http://go.worldbank.org/567ZZUWMD0.23. See NATO Chronicles, “Broadband for Afghanistan,” Episode 2, March 2010,http://www.natochronicles.org/#/en/episode2.24. See AusAID, “Governance Activities: East Timor,” http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/east-timor/governance.cfm.25. http://www.broadbandtoolkit.org.ReferencesAnius, Diana. 2011. “Broadband in St. Kitts and Nevis: Strength in Depth.”World Bank, IFC, and InfoDev, Washington, DC. http://www.infodev.org/en/Publication.1109.html.Broadband Commission. 2010. “Broadband and the Interlinked and InterdependentMDG Agenda.” In A 2010 Leadership Imperative: The Future Built onBroadband, ch. 4. Geneva: ITU; Paris: UNESCO.Global Footprints: Stories from and for the Developing World 331
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
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y providing alternative sources of
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works has become a major issue. IPR
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8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
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€100,000 fine imposed in France i
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Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
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Regulatory Framework for Electronic
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———. 2009b. “Understanding
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United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
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public sector investment for privat
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in the European Commission’s 2010
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oadband deployment. In certain inst
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(for example, international gateway
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for developing and financing teleco
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Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
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allowing operators to obtain additi
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It may be possible to reduce the co
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In the context of market-oriented e
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viable on their own, and to determi
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The supply side. The primary concer
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years, a local municipality or a no
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UASFs if the contributions and the
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B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
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licensed operators, for example, ca
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Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
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through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
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14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” Januar
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Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
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Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
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effectively and efficiently. This h
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attractive to leverage existing net
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incumbent operators around the worl
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capital in the short run. Carriers
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provide a point-to-point or point-t
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and regional fiber backbones may no
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of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
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fiber optic cable capacity services
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F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in Bo
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Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
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With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
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networks running along grids or rai
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220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
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Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
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challenges by extending distances a
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Internet access provides download s
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Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
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(120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
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Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
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High-Speed Packet Access refers to
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go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
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• Relief for congested mobile net
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has to purchase additional download
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14. Internet Service Providers’ A
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ReferencesAustralia, Department of
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Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
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justify those investments. Demand-s
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Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
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overall educational background of a
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Broadband can also improve digital
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Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
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oadband needs within the context of
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Commerce, illustrate the importance
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Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
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Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
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Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
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Shared or Community AccessIn additi
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Within the broadband ecosystem, the
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Others have developed more extensiv
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high-bandwidth networks, online int
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Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
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Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
Page 310 and 311: with family and friends as well as
Page 312 and 313: open call for assistance, such as v
Page 314 and 315: can be divided into three broad cat
Page 316 and 317: those used in the 31 local versions
Page 318 and 319: 23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
Page 320 and 321: Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Af
Page 322 and 323: O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
Page 325 and 326: CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
Page 327 and 328: Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Devel
Page 329 and 330: Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
Page 331 and 332: Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
Page 333 and 334: Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
Page 335 and 336: Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
Page 337 and 338: penetration. For example, in 2005,
Page 339 and 340: households reported that they did n
Page 341 and 342: on content, high cost of personal c
Page 343 and 344: T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
Page 345 and 346: Countrie s in Special Circumstances
Page 347 and 348: impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
Page 349 and 350: Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
Page 351 and 352: South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
Page 353 and 354: has gone from relying on satellite
Page 355 and 356: and providing broadband to all scho
Page 357 and 358: Innovative business models have con
Page 359: Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
Page 363 and 364: ———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
Page 365 and 366: APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
Page 367 and 368: APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
Page 369 and 370: Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
Page 371 and 372: they are unsure of the returns on t
Page 373 and 374: Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
Page 375 and 376: ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
Page 377 and 378: Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
Page 379 and 380: INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
Page 381 and 382: Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
Page 383 and 384: local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
Page 385 and 386: in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
Page 387 and 388: EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
Page 389 and 390: GPT. See general-purpose technology
Page 391 and 392: and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
Page 393 and 394: promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
Page 395 and 396: mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
Page 397 and 398: adio frequency identification (RFID
Page 399 and 400: in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
Page 401 and 402: transparencyand accounting methods,
Page 403: wireless access technologies, 229-3
Page 408: The world is shifting from narrowba
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