broadband strategies handbook.pdf - Khazar University

spectrum that can be made available as the result of the transition fromanalog to digital television. One promising solution could be cognitiveradio, where devices reconfigure themselves according to whatever spectrumis available, while avoiding interference. The first call in the worldusing cognitive radio was made in Finland in 2010 (Centre for WirelessCommunications 2010).In looking at spectrum, regulators need to determine the best procedureto follow in awarding spectrum, whether to impose limits on the amount ofspectrum a single operator can hold, and whether to allow operators toengage in secondary trading. These issues are discussed in more detail inchapter 3.Notes1. MPLS packetizes and labels information coming from different networkprotocols so that the underlying architecture does not have to be changed; itthen routes the information to its destination.2. See ITU, “ITU-T’s Definition of NGN,” http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsi/ngn/Pages/definition.aspx.3. KPN, “Facts and Figures Q4 2010,” http://www.kpn.com/corporate/aboutkpn/investor-relations/publications/Financial-publications.htm.4. Intelsat, “Satellite Basics,” http://www.intelsat.com/resources/satellite-basics/how-it-works.asp.5. ViaSat, “Meeting the Demand for Media-Enabled Satellite BroadbandSatellite Services,” http://www.viasat.com/files/assets/Broadband%20Systems/MediaEnabledSatellite9-09.pdf.6. Telesat, “Satellite’s Growing Role in Data Networking,” http://www.telesat.ca/en/Satellites_Growing_Role_in_Data_Networking.7. RADWIN, “IP Backhaul,” http://www.radwin.com/Content.aspx?Page=ip_backhaul.8. NEC, “Pasolink (Egypt),” http://www.nec.com/global/onlinetv/en/business/pasolink_l.html#NF-project.9. TeleGeography, “Submarine Cable Map,” http://www.telegeography.com/telecom-maps/submarine-cable-map/index.html.10. EASSy, “EASSy Ownership,” http://www.eassy.org/ownership.html. EASSy’slargest shareholder is WIOCC, which is owned by 14 African telecommunicationsoperators and partially funded by several development financialinstitutions, including the World Bank.11. In this context, ISPs include wireless operators that offer Internet connectivity.12. Tata Communications, “IP,” http://www.tatacommunications.com/providers/ip/.13. SLT Hong Kong, “SLT Hong Kong Is Gateway to East Asia and US,” http://www.slthkg.com/Company.htm.Technologies to Support Deployment of Broadband Infrastructure 241