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Figure 7.1 Global Broadband Subscriptions per 100 People, Wireline and Wireless(Active), by Region and Income Level, 2010Europe and Central AsiaLatin America and the CaribbeanEast Asia and PacificMiddle East and North AfricaSouth AsiaSub-Saharan AfricaWorldhigh-incomeupper-middle-incomelower-middle-incomelow-incomea. Wireline broadbandsubscriptions (per 100 people)8.47.27.01.50.80.27.67.54.00.0326.3b. Wireless broadbandsubscriptions (per 100 people)Latin America and the CaribbeanEurope and Central AsiaEast Asia and PacificMiddle East and North AfricaSub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaWorldhigh-incomeupper-middle-incomelower-middle-incomelow-income4.13.53.31.30.70.26.56.54.11.9Source: World Bank analysis based on data from the International Telecommunication Union and ictDATA.org.Note: In the case of wireless broadband, refers to subscriptions providing at least 256 kilobits per second (kbit/s)download speed. In the case of wireless broadband, refers to active subscriptions (using wireless broadbandnetworks to access the Internet). Regions refer to developing-country members only (that is, non-high-incomeeconomies).30.1agreements on development and information and communication technologies(ICTs) provide a context for the significance of broadband in developingcountries.This chapter looks at the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) andWorld Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) targets as a global roadmapfor developing-country policy makers. It also reviews broadbandbottlenecks and opportunities in developing nations, summarizes thebroadband status of developing regions, identifies regional and nationalpolicies for boosting broadband penetration, and identifies groups of countriesthat face specific income, geographic, or other limiting conditions. Thelast section of the chapter provides summaries of broadband experiences inselected countries.Broadband and Global Goals forDeveloping CountriesIn September 2000, governments adopted the Millennium Declaration,committing their nations to reducing poverty monitored through measurabletargets (box 7.1). The targets have a 2015 deadline and are known as theMDGs. 2 Several reports have illustrated how ICTs can help to achieve the296 Broadband Strategies Handbook
Box 7.1: The Eight Millennium Development Goals• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.• Achieve universal primary education.• Promote gender equality and empowerwomen.• Reduce child mortality.• Improve maternal health.• Combat HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiencyvirus/acquired immunodeficiencysyndrome), malaria, and other diseases.• Ensure environmental sustainability.• Develop a global partnership for development.Source: United Nations, MDG Monitor.MDGs (for example, see ITU 2003; Broadband Commission 2010). Broadbandis no different, and its impact on the MDGs may be greater than thatof any other ICT. For example, one of the barriers to achieving Goal 2 onuniversal primary education is the lack of primary school teachers. Broadband,in particular, can facilitate fast-track teacher training through distanceeducation and e-learning. In addition, three of the MDGs are relatedto health, and high-speed networks can have an impact through applicationssuch as telemedicine. The importance of ICTs for achieving theMDGs is also highlighted by Goal 8 on developing a global partnership fordevelopment, specifically Target 8.F: “In cooperation with the private sector,make available the benefits of new technologies, especially informationand communications.” 3 As an ICT itself, as well as a “pipe” capable of deliveringICTs, broadband may be considered an integral part of Target 8.F.The WSIS, which was held in two phases, in 2003 in Geneva and in 2005in Tunis, set an internationally agreed agenda for the adoption of ICTsworldwide and illustrated the level of global political commitment todeploying broadband networks across different sectors. 4 The Declaration ofPrinciples identifies ICTs as an “essential foundation for the informationsociety,” noting, “A well-developed information and communication networkinfrastructure and applications, adapted to regional, national, andlocal conditions, easily accessible and affordable, and making greater use ofbroadband and other innovative technologies where possible, can acceleratethe social and economic progress of countries, and the well-being of allindividuals, communities, and peoples.” WSIS adopted 10 targets addressingconnectivity across different sectors (box 7.2). The International TelecommunicationUnion (ITU) has reviewed progress toward the WSISGlobal Footprints: Stories from and for the Developing World 297
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Public Disclosure AuthorizedPublic
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BroadbandStrategiesHandbookEditorsT
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CONTENTSForewordAcknowledgmentsAbou
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Broadband Experiences in Selected C
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2.3 Addressing Bottlenecks in Broad
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5.2 DSL Connection Speeds, by Type
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asis for the ICT Regulation Toolkit
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Case studies were prepared to suppo
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ABBREVIATIONS2G3G3GPP4GACEADSLAPECA
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FDMAFICORAFIRSTFITELFRIENDSFTTxFUST
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MyICMSNBINBNNBPNBSNCCNGANGNNPVOBAOE
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VSATW-CDMAWDMWi-FiWiMAXWSISxDSLvery
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side) and the adoption of broadband
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CHAPTER 1Building BroadbandIn just
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demonstrate that broadband can enab
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While some may disagree on the prec
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Figure 1.2 Estimated Minimum and Ma
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Broadband, Employment, and Job Crea
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Broadband as a General-Purpose Tech
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allow businesses to move more rapid
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In addition, sophisticated services
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Box 1.3: Mobile Health Services in
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Countries around the world are prov
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Table 1.3 Wireless and Wireline Bro
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Box 1.4: User Trends That Promote D
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Under the ecosystem model (figure 1
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As discussed, broadband alone has l
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Box 1.5: Capacity to Absorb Technol
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5. Apple, “Staggering iPhone App
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Commission of the European Communit
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Ndahiro, Moses. 2010. “RDB Forgin
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CHAPTER 2Policy Approaches to Promo
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facilitate, and complement market d
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development for governments to focu
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Box 2.1: Public Sector’s Role in
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A good plan should aim to promote e
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Box 2.2: Broadband Strategies in Mi
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(for example, network build-out, sp
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through construction and adoption.
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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island developing states (SIDSs) 6
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In Europe, for example, where the i
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operations of a dominant provider,
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previously had no broadband access.
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Broadband applications and services
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provide service to profitable, high
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delivering fiber-based coverage at
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e good for the economy, but are unl
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planned economic stimulus packages.
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urban households by 2012. Under the
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Policy Approaches to Promoting Broa
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Figure 2.4 Categ ories of Broadband
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the EU and also provides a breakdow
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Figure 2.7 Avera ge Download Speed
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Table 2.6 Monthly Prices for Wireli
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may also argue that broadband is no
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19. “Average Broadband Speed Is S
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———. 2010. “Wireless Broadb
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its full potential is realized, a c
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or authorization, which thereby ena
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Figure 3.2 Example of Multiservice
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When considering adopting flexible-
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Spectrum trading (also known as “
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in 2003 on the renewal of GSM licen
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However, given the various timeline
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IP-Based Interco nnection: Wholesal
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arrangements (for example, BAK) or
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Regulating Bottl enecks in the Broa
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example, after conducting a review
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Particularly for rural and remote a
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lower cost structure in rural areas
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physical space in buildings), tower
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2010, 494-95). In such cases, a dom
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separation is considered a last-res
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“best efforts” basis, deliverin
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Table 3.1 Status of Net Neutrality
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oadband requires a significant focu
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CybercrimeCybercrime can be broadly
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frameworks prepared to prevent, ide
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Privacy by Design“Privacy by desi
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of privacy laws. One example is the
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y providing alternative sources of
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works has become a major issue. IPR
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8. Decree-Law no. 151-A/2000 (July
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€100,000 fine imposed in France i
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Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth o
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Regulatory Framework for Electronic
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———. 2009b. “Understanding
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United States, FTC (Federal Trade C
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public sector investment for privat
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in the European Commission’s 2010
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oadband deployment. In certain inst
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(for example, international gateway
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for developing and financing teleco
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Box 4.3: Broadband Development in R
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allowing operators to obtain additi
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It may be possible to reduce the co
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In the context of market-oriented e
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viable on their own, and to determi
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The supply side. The primary concer
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years, a local municipality or a no
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UASFs if the contributions and the
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B ox 4.5: Regional Communications I
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licensed operators, for example, ca
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Box 4.6: Reform of the USF in the U
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through the use of UASFs, PPPs, or
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14. ITU, “ITU Statshot,” Januar
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Dymond, Andrew. 2010. “Universal
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Wellenius, Björn, Vivien Foster, a
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effectively and efficiently. This h
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attractive to leverage existing net
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incumbent operators around the worl
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capital in the short run. Carriers
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provide a point-to-point or point-t
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and regional fiber backbones may no
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of smaller ISPs. For example, in or
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fiber optic cable capacity services
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F igure 5.5 Backbone Networks in Bo
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Table 5.1Optimum Choice of Backbone
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With a Layer 3 IXP, traffic is exch
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networks running along grids or rai
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220Figure 5.7 Metro Fiber Ringcarri
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Figure 5.8 Number of Broadband Subs
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challenges by extending distances a
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Internet access provides download s
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Table 5.3 FTTP Acce ss ProtocolsAcc
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(120 kbit/s, according to the GSMA)
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Table 5.4 EV-DO Peak an d Average S
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High-Speed Packet Access refers to
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go beyond those of IMT-2000” (Blu
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• Relief for congested mobile net
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has to purchase additional download
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14. Internet Service Providers’ A
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ReferencesAustralia, Department of
Page 276 and 277: Marks, Roger. 2010. “IEEE 802.16
Page 278 and 279: justify those investments. Demand-s
Page 280 and 281: Figure 6.2 Elements of Digital Lite
Page 282 and 283: overall educational background of a
Page 284 and 285: Broadband can also improve digital
Page 286 and 287: Box 6.2: Measur ing Digital Literac
Page 288 and 289: oadband needs within the context of
Page 290 and 291: Commerce, illustrate the importance
Page 292 and 293: Box 6.4: Device Price TrendsNew com
Page 294 and 295: Box 6.5: Promoting Dig ital Literac
Page 296 and 297: Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evoluti
Page 298 and 299: Shared or Community AccessIn additi
Page 300 and 301: Within the broadband ecosystem, the
Page 302 and 303: Others have developed more extensiv
Page 304 and 305: high-bandwidth networks, online int
Page 306 and 307: Box 6.7: Colombia’s 2010 Plan V i
Page 308 and 309: Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sout
Page 310 and 311: with family and friends as well as
Page 312 and 313: open call for assistance, such as v
Page 314 and 315: can be divided into three broad cat
Page 316 and 317: those used in the 31 local versions
Page 318 and 319: 23. Ultimately, the subsidies were
Page 320 and 321: Cooper, Brendan. 2010. “Giving Af
Page 322 and 323: O’Reilly, Tim. 2005. “What Is W
Page 325: CHAPTER 7Global Footprints: Stories
Page 329 and 330: Broadband Bottlenecks and Opportuni
Page 331 and 332: Figure 7.3 Broadband Connections Re
Page 333 and 334: Regional DevelopmentsThis section h
Page 335 and 336: Box 7.3 continuedThis resulted in i
Page 337 and 338: penetration. For example, in 2005,
Page 339 and 340: households reported that they did n
Page 341 and 342: on content, high cost of personal c
Page 343 and 344: T able 7.1 Broadband Plans and Poli
Page 345 and 346: Countrie s in Special Circumstances
Page 347 and 348: impact in many SIDSs, and broadband
Page 349 and 350: Fig ure 7.6 Broadband Country Summa
Page 351 and 352: South Asia: Sri Lanka Sri Lanka was
Page 353 and 354: has gone from relying on satellite
Page 355 and 356: and providing broadband to all scho
Page 357 and 358: Innovative business models have con
Page 359 and 360: Germany (Tuan 2011). Wireline broad
Page 361 and 362: 13. See Pakistan Universal Service
Page 363 and 364: ———. 2010b. World Telecommuni
Page 365 and 366: APPENDIX AWeblinks to NationalBroad
Page 367 and 368: APP ENDIX BPolicies and Programs fo
Page 369 and 370: Allocate andassignspectrumSupply:do
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Page 373 and 374: Create anenablingenvironmentfor int
Page 375 and 376: ShooFeeTV. c The funding will be us
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Expandaccess tounderservedcommuniti
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INDEXAABI Research, 102, 118absorpt
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Bolivia, 16borrowing for backbone n
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local connectivity, 116-19, 229-38,
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in Sri Lanka, 312, 319f7.6, 321t7.2
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EUROSTAT, as source of statistics,
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GPT. See general-purpose technology
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and UAS, 168-69use of electrical wi
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promoting of, 284-86, 289nn42-44and
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mobile health services in, 17b1.3ne
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adio frequency identification (RFID
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in Bahrain, 80, 81f2.7, 240CDMA, 23
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transparencyand accounting methods,
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wireless access technologies, 229-3
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The world is shifting from narrowba
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