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values, expert opinion should be used in assigning a maximum influence distance that therisk element may have on a particular habitat or realm. The program calculates intensitydecay from the edge of each risk element using the user-specified influence distance anddistance decay function. For example, in the file called “risk_ag_sugarcane.shp” there isa terrestrial influence distance of 1000 meters, or 1 kilometer. If the user chooses to use alinear decay function (default), the intensity value of 11 will be assigned within closeproximity of the boundaries of each sugarcane polygon, but as you move away from thepolygon, the intensity becomes linearly smaller and smaller until you reach a distance of1000 meters, where the intensity is reduced to zero (0). In the figure below, there is anexample of an ERS model output for a paved road with an intensity value of 30 and aninfluence distance of 300 meters. Notice the linear decay function that is applied like abuffer completely around the risk element in all directions. Additional guidance onsetting up intensity values and influence distances for a variety of socioeconomicactivities can be found in (McPherson et al., 2008).An example of ERS model output for a paved road risk element with anintensity value of 30 and an influence distance of 300m. Notice the lineardecay function that is applied like a buffer completely around the riskelement in all directions.TNC Protected Area Tools (PAT) Version 3.0The Nature Conservancy, August 200916
1.1.1 Overlay FunctionAnother item to consider is how to resolve the overlaying areas of influence distancesbetween neighboring risk element features. The ERS tool allows users to specify how riskelements will be combined based on map algebra statistical functions (e.g. mean,majority, maximum, median, minimum, minority, range, standard deviation, and variety).These are further explained in the next section, but if influence distance overlay betweenrisk element features is anticipated, it is important to think about the best way to resolvethis type of aggregation prior to executing the tool. The default function for influencedistance overlay is SUM, calculating the sum for all layer values. Most often, eitherSUM or MAX are the most typical functions used. Examples of each are given in thefigure below.Examples of the most commonly utilized overlay function types (Maximum and Sum) for resolvingoverlaying areas of influence distance between neighboring risk element features. Notice the differences inhow each function handles the computation on the intensity values within the overlay areas.TNC Protected Area Tools (PAT) Version 3.0The Nature Conservancy, August 200917
Page 1 and 2: Protected Area Tools (PAT)TMfor Arc
Page 3 and 4: AcknowledgementsThe idea for the de
Page 5 and 6: Mandatory Requirements Needed to Ru
Page 7 and 8: Installing the Protected Area Tools
Page 9 and 10: The majority of the work that goes
Page 11 and 12: data to spatially represent the spe
Page 13 and 14: 2003, Araújo et al. 2002). In some
Page 15: 1.1 Setting up the ERS TableSuccess
Page 19 and 20: features have been added to the map
Page 21 and 22: the output will automatically defau
Page 23 and 24: Once you click OK in the previous m
Page 25 and 26: unit or feature (i.e. polygon) must
Page 27 and 28: higher elevations and ridges moving
Page 29 and 30: 1.3.4.2 Marine ERS ModelsDeveloping
Page 31 and 32: MODULE 2. Relative Biodiversity Ind
Page 33 and 34: Normalized relative biodiversity in
Page 35 and 36: EXERCISE 2. Calculating the Relativ
Page 37 and 38: the targets (polygons with lots of
Page 39 and 40: Once this step is performed, you ca
Page 41 and 42: This selection routine will choose
Page 43 and 44: 3.0 The MARXAN AlgorithmOne of the
Page 45 and 46: 6. All input features must have the
Page 47 and 48: grid of squares or lattice of hexag
Page 49 and 50: • To make "area" and "length" com
Page 51 and 52: Sug gested steps for preparing inpu
Page 53 and 54: 2. Planning Unit File (pu.dat)This
Page 55 and 56: ‘id2’ are set but no value for
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Page 59 and 60: An example of what an attribute tab
Page 61 and 62: values. These values will be used i
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Page 65 and 66: 3.2.4 Combining Marxan Input FilesI
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2. Click onto the Run Options tab p
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This is the folder where the output
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3.4 Joining and Displaying Marxan O
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Figure 12. Results of joining the t
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McPherson, M, S. Schill, G. Raber,
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