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Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1983 - Bureau of Justice ...

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,-<strong>Sourcebook</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Criminal</strong> <strong>Justice</strong> Stotistics <strong>1983</strong>an <strong>of</strong>fense) Is alleged or demonstrated to have occurred while his/herage was belllW the statutory limit <strong>of</strong> original jurisdiction <strong>of</strong> a juvenilecourt.Long-term focility--A correctional, as opposed to a detentionfacility. Includes training schools; ranches, forestry camps, and farms;and halfway houses and group homes.Nonpayroll staff--Full-time or part-time personnel not on thepayroll <strong>of</strong> the ~eporting facilit~. Includes individuals paid by a parentag~ncy or service who are assigned to the juvenile facility, personnelpaid under Conlr'lctual agreements or Federo! grcnts, and ;:;oiiegeI nterns. Excludes conmunity volunteers in 1971 when they were notcounted, and. in 1975, whe.n they were counted ds a separate group.C?i>eratlonal expendltures--Grass salaries and wages, plus otheroperating expenses.Payroll staff--Full-time and part-time personnel on the payroll<strong>of</strong> the reporting facility.Person in need <strong>of</strong> supervision (PINS)--Detention status <strong>of</strong> ajuvenile declared by a juvenile COl'rt to be in need <strong>of</strong> supervision.Encompasses those known variously as child in need <strong>of</strong> supervision(CHINS), juvenile in need <strong>of</strong> supervision (JINS), and minor in need <strong>of</strong>supervision (MINS), as well those designated as unruly unmanageableor incorrigible under special statutes for status <strong>of</strong>fende:s. All PINS ar~not stat~s <strong>of</strong>fenders, and all status <strong>of</strong>fenders are not PINS. Even inStates With status <strong>of</strong>fender statutes, juveniles with previous <strong>of</strong>fensescan be adjudicated delinquent for status <strong>of</strong>fenses. Conversely a judgecan declare. a jUvenile to be a person in need <strong>of</strong> supervisi~n for afelony or misdemeanor., Private focility--A juvenile detention or correctional facilitysubject to governmental licensing, but under the direct administrativeand oper.ational control <strong>of</strong> pri.vate enterprise; typically receivessubstantial governmental funding, in addition to support by privatesources.Public faciJity--A juvenile detention or correctional facilityunder the direct administrative r)'1d operational control <strong>of</strong> a State orlocal government.,Ranch, forestry camp, and farm--A long-term facility forpersons whose behavior does not necessitate the strict confinement <strong>of</strong> atraining school, <strong>of</strong>ten allowing them greater contact with theconmunity.Reception or diagnostic center--A short-term facility thotscreen~ person~ .conmltted by courts and assigns them to appropriatecorrectional facilities.Resident--A person, jUvenile or nanjuvenile, held In ajuvenile detention or correctional facility... Shelter--A shc;>r.t-t~rm facility that provides telTlf'Qrory careslm~lar to thet <strong>of</strong> d deTention center, but In a physically unrestrictingenvironment.Short-term faciJity--A detention, as opposed to a correctionalfc;>cility: Includes detention centers, shelters, and reception 0;diagnostic centers.Status <strong>of</strong>fense--An act or conduct that is declared by statute tobe on <strong>of</strong>fense, but cnly when conmltted or engaged In by a juvenile'.lnd that can .be odjudlcated only by a juvenile court. Typical statu~<strong>of</strong>fenses are Violation <strong>of</strong> curfew, running away from home truancypossession <strong>of</strong> alcoholic beverages, ond leading an Immoral 'life Bothadjudi~a!ed delinquents and juveniles declared to be persons in ~eed <strong>of</strong>supervIsion can be status <strong>of</strong>fenders.Training school--A long-term specialized type <strong>of</strong> facility thatprovide:; strict confinement for its residents.V",luntary .adm!ssion--A type <strong>of</strong> admission in which a juvenilevoluntarily canmlts hImself/herself to a fccillty without being adjudgedby a court to be delinquent or In need <strong>of</strong> supervision. The JUVenilemoy bt; referred to the facility for treatment by parents, court, schoolor SOCial agency.'Youthful <strong>of</strong>fender--A person, adjudicated In criminal court whomaY.b.e above the s~atytory age limit for jUveniles but bel~w aspeCified upper age limit, for whom special correctionol conmitmentsond spec!al record-:sealing procedures ore made avoiloble by statute.The speCial correctional conmltment may be to a juvenile facility to aspeci?1 section <strong>of</strong> on adult facility, or to 0 separate facility fa~ theconfinement <strong>of</strong> persons between the age limits specified In theparticular statute. Such provisions exist In Federal low and In the lows<strong>of</strong> several States.APPENDIX I,Survey <strong>of</strong> Delinquency Prevention Programs-­Survey methodologyNJTE: The follOWing Information has been provided by the Notional Center for the Assessment <strong>of</strong>Delinquent Behavior and Its Prevention, Center for Low and <strong>Justice</strong>, University <strong>of</strong> Washington,Seattle, Washington.Identification <strong>of</strong> delinquency prevention programsIn 1979, the Notional Center for the Assessment <strong>of</strong> DelinquentBehavior and Its Prevention, Center for Low and <strong>Justice</strong>, UniVersity <strong>of</strong>Washington, initiated a notional survey in search <strong>of</strong> programs whoseactivities qualified as primary or secondary delinquency prevention.Primary prevention was def1'wd as modifying conditions in the physicaland social environment that lead to crime. Secondary prevention wasdefined as the early identification and intervention in the lives <strong>of</strong>youths in criminogenic circumstances. The focus was on youths beforedelinquent acts hod been conmitted or detected, generally before theycome in contact with law enforcement agencies. To identify a broadrepresentation <strong>of</strong> such p·ograms, a questionnaire was mai led to 898public funding, policy, and planning ager,cies <strong>of</strong> the Federal Governmentand all 50 States and Puerto Rico; to private foundations and agencies(such as the United Way); and to local social service agencies in 261U.S. cities. The following sources were used to generate the list <strong>of</strong>sampled agencies and organizations: The Foundation Directory, TheFoundation Grants Index, the Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> Associations, TheAnnual Register <strong>of</strong> Grant Support, The Catalogue <strong>of</strong> FederalDomestic Assistance, The Government Organization Manual, andThe State Information Book. Any foundation or agency which mightprovide funding for delinquency prevention was included. Agenciesresponsible for social services, youth programs, 1('" enforcement,recreation, education, and labor were surveyed. The director <strong>of</strong> eachsurveyed organization was asked to nominate three programs he or sheviewed as the most promising or effective for preventing delinquencybefore youths become Involved with the low. A total <strong>of</strong> 875 programswere identified In this way. The principal administrator <strong>of</strong> each <strong>of</strong> theidentified programs was then surveyed using a second questionnaire.Sixty-two percent (540) <strong>of</strong> the 875 surveyed programs ultimatelyreturned completed questionnaires. Respondents inclUded a brood crasssection <strong>of</strong> youth-focused programs. Schools, various components <strong>of</strong> thecriminal justice system, mental health centers, youth service bureausand other organizations <strong>of</strong>fering a brood range <strong>of</strong> services wererepresented.In 1981, essentially the same procedures were followed in oneffort to identify addltlanal delinquency prevention programs. Thesources <strong>of</strong> progrom nominations were expanded to Include pr<strong>of</strong>essionalsworking In the area <strong>of</strong> delinquency prevention, program evaluators,academicians, and a search <strong>of</strong> research journals and newsletters.Nominators were asked for the names <strong>of</strong> promising delinquencyprevention programs without specifying that the programs shouldconcentrate on primary and secondary prevention. In addition, thenominators were not restricted to listing a maximum <strong>of</strong> three programs.After removing the names <strong>of</strong> programs which hod responded to the 197';1survey, 686 additional programs were identified. Surveys were sent tothe principal administrators <strong>of</strong> these programs. Ferty percent (275)returned completed questionnaires which were added to the data bose.SampleWhile the emphasis in the 1979 survey hod been on programsinvolved in primary and secondary delinquency prevention, a number <strong>of</strong>the nominators included programs which dealt with youths after theybecome involved with low enforcernent agencies (programs working topercent recidivism, i.e., terti(lry delinquency prevention). A number <strong>of</strong>the nominated programs were also found to be involved in all threelevels <strong>of</strong> prevention from primary to tertiary. These programs wereincluded in the survey and the data bose. The 1981 survey did notrestrict the nominators to primary or secondary prevention programs.The programs which responded to both surve';3 also varied in the targetages <strong>of</strong> their client populations, ranging from chilnren through adUltswho were <strong>of</strong>ten the parents <strong>of</strong> younger clients, protessionals in the lield<strong>of</strong> delinquency prevention, low enforcement personnel, or teachers. Inthe data presented here, programs exclusively targeting adults and onlyproviding services such as pareflfing training, delinquency preventioninformation, or other CJdult focused services were excluded. Inaddition, a Variety <strong>of</strong> organizational levels were represented by theprograms responding to the surveys. Programs which do not providedirect services to youths, acting, for instance, solely as servicebrokers, information and referral services, or program networkcoordinators were excluded from these data. These excluilionsestablished a data set for the information prllvlded here that includes494 programs from the 1979 survey and 254 programs from the 1981survey (91.8 percent <strong>of</strong> the 815 programs In the data bose).The surveyThe surveys were divided into two parts. The first port solicitedInformation an the program itself, Including geographical area served,target popUlation, organizational structure, st<strong>of</strong>f composition, services<strong>of</strong>fered, progrom budget, funding sources, and evaluation Information. Asecond section asked the administrator <strong>of</strong> the program to respond to aset <strong>of</strong> Likert-scaled propositions on causes <strong>of</strong> delinquency and methodsfor preventing It, based on seven mojor perspectiVes on the causes <strong>of</strong>juvenile delinquency. The data presented here are drown from the firstpart <strong>of</strong> the survey.Service codingThe programs responding to the surveys provided a wide variety<strong>of</strong> services, each program, typically, providing mare than one type <strong>of</strong>service. Services were identified and coded through content analysis <strong>of</strong>the returned questionnaires, descriptive literature provided by theprogram, interviews with some program personnel, and programevaluations, when these could be obtained. A maximum <strong>of</strong> eight <strong>of</strong>each program's mojo" services could be included in the data bose. Asubset consisting <strong>of</strong> 54 <strong>of</strong> these services provides the basis for some <strong>of</strong>the data presented here.644645

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