Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1983 - Bureau of Justice ...

,-flC!urcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1983inhalants. Data for locker room odorizers are included within generaldata on inhalants and are also pra,ided separately. 1977 and 1976:glue or some other substances that people inhale for kicks or to gethigh. Besides glue, there are things like gasoline, some aerosols,nitrous oxide, amyl nitrate that is also called "poppers" and othersolvents. 1974: glu!': or some other inhalant. 1972: glue or otherthings YOll breathe in.Marihuana-1982 and 1979: marihuana and/or hashish. 1977,1976, 1974, 1972, and 1971: marihuana only.Nonmedical experience with psychotherapeutic drugs-1982:Use of a pill or other drug(s) from any of the four psychotherapeuticdrug categories in order to get high or to enjoy the feeling or just forkicks or curiosity or for any other nonmedical purpose. 1979, 1977,1976, and 1974: a "yes" or "not sure" response to anyone (or more) ofthe following three items: Did you ever take any of these kinds of pillsjust to see what it was like and how it would work? Did you evertake any of these kinds of pills just to enjoy the feeling they give you?Did you ever take any of these pills for some other nonmedical reason,and not because you needed it? Note: the responses to the 1982nonmedical experience with psychotherapeutic drugs questions weremarked on a private answer sheet rather than being spoken to theinterviewer as in 1979, 1977, 1976, 1974, and 1972. Note: in 1977only, questions about nonmedical experience were assigned to a randomhalf of the households in which interviews were conducted. 1972: a"yes" resp'.:mse to anyone (or more) of the following five items: Hoveyou ever taken these pills to help you get along with your family orother people? Hove you ever taken any of these pills to help you getready for some big event, or help you accomplish something? Did youever take any of these kinds of pills just to see what it was like andhow it would work? Hove you ever taken any of these pills beforegoing out, so that you could enjoy yourself more with other people?Did you ever take these kinds of pills just to enjoy the feeling theygive you?Now a full-time college student-1982, 1979, 1977, and 1976:This term is defined by a "yes" response to the question: "Are you astudent or taking any course this year in a college or other kind ofschool?"; a "college" or "community college" response to the question:"Is that a college or a vocational school, or what?"; and a "full-time"response to the question: "Are you a full-time student or a part-timestudent?"Population densityLarge metropolitan areas-includes the StandardMetropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) with populations of1,000,000 or more in 1970. Large metropolitan areas includecentral cities and surrounding areas as defined by the U.S. Bureauof the Census.Small metropolitan areas-includes a sample of thoseStandard Metropolitan Statistical Areas under 1,000,000 inpopulation in 1970.Nonmetropolitan area-includes a sample of those areasthat were not part of a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area asof 1970, according to standards set by' the U.S. Bureau of theCensus. In general, this includes smaller communities, rural nonfarmareas, and rural farm areas.Race-Race is grouped info two categories, "White" and"Nonwhite". Note: due to recent changes in Federal reporting optionsfor race and ethnicity as well as frequent changes in the administrationand content of such items over time, Hispanics have appeared in bathracial categories. In 1982 and 1979, Hispanics Were included in the"White" category; in 1977, they appeared in one or the other categorydepending on how they identified themselves; in 1976 and 1974 theywere included in one or the other category depending on how theinterviewer identified them; and in 1972 and 1971, all Hispanicsappeared in the ''Nonwhite'' category.White-1982: those individuals who chose the category Wnite orHispanic as the category that best described them. 1979: thoseindividuals who state that their fomily origin Is White or that they areof Spanish-American origin. 1977: those individuals who state thattheir family origin is White. 1976, 1974, 1972, and 1971: thoseindividuals whose racial background, according to interviewerobservation, is determined to be White.Nonwhite-1982: those individuals who stated that they wereBlack, American Indian or Alaskan Notive, Asian or Pacific Islander, orwho volunteered Black/Hispanic or some other combination. 1979 and1977: those individuals who state that their fomily origin is AmericanIndian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Black, Pacific Islander, or some otherrace (other than White). 1976 and 1974: those individuals whose racialbackground, according to interviewer observation, is determined to beAmerican Indian, Black, Oriental, or some other race (other thanWhite). 1972 and 1971: those individuals whose category, according tointerviewer observation, is determined to bp. Black, Puel to Rican orother Latin American group, or some other category (other thanWhite).RegionNortheast-Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, NewHompshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,VermontNorth Central-Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan,Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,WisconsinSouth-Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia,Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, LOUisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, NorthCarolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia,West VirginiaWest-Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, WyomingSedatives-1982 and 1979: barbiturates and other sedatives usedmedically to help people relax or sleep. Sedatives are divided Into foursubgroups: intermediate/long acting barbiturates, nonbarbiturate/nonbenzodiazepinesedatives, short acting barbiturates, and Dalmane.Note: See definition for "nonmedical experience with psychotherapeuticdrugs."Stimulants-1982 and 1979: amphetamines and other stimulantssometimes used medically for weight control. Stimulants are dividedinto four subgroups: amphetamines, nonamphetamine anorectics, Ritalin,and Cylert. Note: See definition for "nonmedical experience withpsychotherapeutic drugs."Tranquilizers-1979: pills used medically to relax nerves andmuscles. Tranquilizers are divided into four subgroups:benzodiazepines, Meprobamate, hydroxyzine, and Benadryl. Note: Seedefinition for "nonmedical experience with psychotherapeutic drugs."Sampling dataAPPENDIX 15Delinquency 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980-­Survey methodology and definitions of termsf\OTE: The following information has been excerpted from Daniel D. Smith, Terrence Finnegan,Howard Snyder, and Jacqueline Corbett, Delinquency 1975: United States Estimates of CasesProcessed by Courts with Juvenile Jurisdiction (Pittsburgh: National Center for JuvenileJustice, 1979), pp. 11-4-11-21; Daniel D. Smith, Terrence Finnegan, and Howard N. Snyder,Delinquency 1976: United States Estimates of Cases Processed by Courts with JuvenileJurisdiction (Pittsburgh: Notional Center for Juvenile Justice, 1979), pp. 17-3!l; Daniel D. Smith,Terrence Finnegan, and Howard N. Snyder, Delinquency 1977: United States, Estimates ofCases Processed by Courts with Juvenile Jurisdiction (Pittsburgh: Notional Center forJuvenile Justice, 1980), pp. 18-37; Daniel D. Smith, Terrence Finnegan, Howard N. Snyder, NormaG. Feinberg, and Patricia McFall, Delinquency 1978: United States Estimates of Ca~esProcessed by Courts with Juvenile Jurisdiction (Pittsburgh: National Center for JuvenileJustice, 1981), pp. 5-19, 153-157; Howard Snyder, Terrence Finnegan, Daniel Smith, NormaFeinberg, John Hutzler, and Patricia McFall, Delinquency 1979 (Pittsburgh: National Center forJuvenile Justice, 1982), pp.II-28; Howard N. Snyder, Terrence A. Finnegan, and John L. Hutzl.er,Delinquency 1980: A Description of Cases Proceesed by United S'ates '-:ourts WithJuvenile Jurisdiction (Pittsburgh: Notional Center for Juvenile Justice, 19!:!3), pp. 30-43. Nonsubstantiveeditorial adaptations have been made.the data used to derive the national estimates for 1975-80re;->resen t subsamples drawn from a larger data base. The total database and the subsample for each year are as follows:1975--The total data base consists of over 580,000 casesreported from 13 States. The total population of these 13 Statesrepresented 42 percent of the en1'ire U.S. population and 41 percent ofthe total youth population at risk (from age 10 to the upper age ofjuvenile court jurisdiction).The subsample was generated from 10 States. They include:Connecticut, Marylond, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in the East;Alabama and Mississippi in the South; Ohio, Kansas, and Nebraska in theMidwest· and California in the West. New York, Florida, and Idahodata we;e excluded because of inconsistencies In the methods ofreporting. The sample of these 10 States comprises a total of 555counties out a of a possible 3, I 4 I nationwide. The sample represents27 percent of the total child population within the courts with juvenilejurisdiction. A total number of 372,592 cases comprises the sampleused to generate 1975 national estimates.1976--The total data base contains more than 707,000 caserecords collet!ted from 17 States and the District of Columbia. After areview, data from New York, Idaho, South Dakota, and the District ofColumbia were excluded from the estimating sample because of internalvariances in reporting methods. The resulting sample includes datafrom Connecticut, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in theEast; Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi in the South; Iowa, Kansas,Nebraska, North Dakota, and Ohio in the Midwest; and California andUtah in the West. The sample used to generate 1976 national estimatesincludes data from 849 of the Notion's 3,141 counties and represents35.2 percent of the total child population wahin jurisdiction of juvenilecourts in the United States.1977--The total data base contains more than 700,000 caserecord$ collected from 17 States and the District of Columbia. After areview, data from New York, South Dakota, and the District ofColumbia were excluded from the estimating sample because ofsignificant differences in reporting methods. The resul ling sampleincludes data from Connecticut, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and WestVirginia in the East; Alabama, Florida, and Mississippi in the South;Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and Ohio in the Midwest; andCalifornia and Utah in the West. The sample used to generate 1977national estimates Includes data from 856 of the Notion's 3,14 I countiesand represents 35.5 percent of the total child population withinjurisdiction of juvenile courts in the United States.1978--The primary data base consists of more than 515,000 caserecords from courts with juvenile jUrisdiction in 13 States (California,Connecticut, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Missi~sippi, NorthDakota, Nebraska, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and West Virginia), theDistrict of Columbia and Clark County, Nevada. Data from 794 of the3, I 43 counties in the United States, containing mare than one-third ofthe total child population within the jurisdiction of juvenile courts ofthe United States, are represented.1979--The primary data base consists of more than 470,000 caserecords from courts with juvenile jurisdiction in 15 States (Alabama,California, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland,Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah,and West Virginia); Maricopa County, Arizona; Clark County, Nevada;and Shelby County, Tennessee. Data from 830 of the 3, I 43 counties inthe United States, containing mare than one-third of the total childpopulation within the jurisdiction of juvenile courts of the UnitedStates, are represented.1980--The primary data base consists of more than 435,000 caserecords from courts with juvenile jurisdiction in 13 States (Alabama,Californfo, Connecticut, Florida, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland,Nebraska, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, and WestVirginia); Maricopa County, Arizona; and Shelby County, Tennessee.Data from 741 of the 3,137 count!e:l in the United States, containingmore than one-quarter of the total cilHd population within theJurisdiction of juvenile courts of the United States, are represented.Child popuiation at riskDeveloping national estimates for 1980 required that the childpapulation at risk be determined for each of the 3, i 37 counties in theUo1ited States. "Child population at risk" is defined as the number ofchi Idren from the age of 10 through the lJ,:;per age of juvenile courtjurisdiction. Although there may be exclusions based on instantoffense, or a combination of instant offense and prior delinquencyhistory, the age at which an individual is no longer considered underjuvenile court jurisdiction is defined by State statute. In 191J0, in 37States and in the District of Columbia, individuals 18 years of oge orolder were within the jurisdiction of the criminal courts. In eightStates (Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri,South Carolina, and Texas) individuals had to be at least 17 years ofage to be within the jurisdiction of the criminal court, in four States(Connecticut, New York, North Carolina, and Vermont) the individualhad to be at least 16 years of age, and in Wyoming individuals had tobe at least 19 years of age to be routinely processed as an adult(Source, p. 3 I).Though both public and private sources were checked extensively,no ,ource of popUlation estimates by county and age was available forI ~75-79. However, the 197U census data contained information in thisform, and this Information was utilized. In addition, the U.S. Bureau ofthe Census, under special contract from the Notional Cancer Institute,had produced population estimates for each year, 1975 through 1979, bycounty in five-~ear age groupings (0 to 4, 5 to 9, etc.).Using the following method, estimates of child population at riskwere made for each year from 1975 through 1979. From the 197Ucensus, a summation of the number of children in a county from 0through 4 years of age was made to obtain a total estimate of thechildren in this age range. SimilarlY, the process was repeated for the5 through 9 a;ld the 10 through 14 age groups. A percentage of thetotal for a particular age was calCUlated by dividing the number ofchildren of a single age by the total number of children in its five-yeargroup. Thus, the relative percentages were d'atermined for 5-, 6-, 7-,8-, and 9-year-olds in 1970; and from the 1975 census estimates, thetotal number of youth was determined in the 10 through 14 age groupin 1975 (from the National Cancer Institute data). It was assumedthat the relative percentage of 5-year-olds in the 5-to-9 group in 1970would be equivalent to the relative percentage of JO-year-olds in 1975.Continuing with this procedure, 1975 estimates of the number ofchildren of each age group from 10 through 19 were developed for eachcounty.Another assumption was that the change in single age populationsfrom 1975 to 1979 would be minimal. For example, the estimate of 9-year-olds in 1975 was used as the estimate of 13-year-olds in 1979.Knowing the upper age of jurisdiction in each county, as estimate wascalculated for the number of children from 10 through the upper age ofjurisdiction (the child population at risk) for each of the 3, I 43counties. AJth~..:!)h migration, undercounting, and death rates wouldaffect the extrapalaj Ion af population estimates from one year toanother, It was aS~Jmed that these factors would be of minimalimportance for the target group ,nd that they would be of minorImportance compared with the impact of birth rates and childpopulations. In 1980 the child population at risk was derived form the1980 decennial census counts provided by the U.S. Bureau of theCensus, unlike the previous ye(jr~ in which the child population at riskfigures were based on estimates developed by the U.S. Bureau of theCensus.